Management of different periods of balsam pear cultivation in greenhouse

Balsam pear, also known as cold gourd, is a cucurbitaceae plant, is an annual climbing herb, edible, has a high value, the fruit contains balsam pear glycoside.

Growth environment of balsam pear

Temperature

Temperature control, balsam pear like temperature, more heat-resistant, not cold-resistant. The germination of seeds is suitable for 30 ~ 35 ℃. When the temperature is below 20 ℃, the germination is slow, but it is difficult to germinate below 13 ℃. At about 25 ℃, the seedlings with 5 true leaves can be bred in about 15 days, and if it is about 15 ℃, it takes 20 to 30 days. Balsam pear plants grew slowly at 10-15 ℃, but grew poorly when the temperature was below 10 ℃. When the temperature was below 5 ℃, the plants were significantly damaged. However, with slightly lower temperature and short sunshine, the node of the first female flower occurred earlier. The flowering and fruiting period is more than 20 ℃, and the suitable period is about 25 ℃. The higher the temperature in the range of 15-30 ℃, the more beneficial to the growth of balsam pear-early fruit, high yield and good quality. However, more than 30 ℃ and less than 15 ℃ were disadvantageous to the growth and fruit of balsam pear.

Light

Balsam pear is a short-day plant, which prefers sunshine to shade tolerance. However, after long-term cultivation and selection, the requirements for the length of light are not too strict; however, if the light is not enough at the seedling stage, it will reduce the resistance to low temperature. Balsam pear in winter and spring in northern Hainan is affected by low temperature, overcast and rainy weather, the growth of seedlings is weak, the resistance is poor, and it is often vulnerable to freezing injury. The flowering and fruiting period needs strong light and sufficient light, which is beneficial to photosynthesis and improve the fruit setting rate; otherwise, it is easy to introduce falling flowers and fruits.

Moisture content

Suitable soil balsam pear prefers to be wet but not resistant to waterlogging. 85% of the air relative humidity and soil relative humidity are needed during the growth period. The weather was dry, the water was insufficient, the plant growth was hindered and the fruit quality decreased. But it is not suitable for stagnant water, the stagnant water is easy to retting the root, and the leaves are wilted. If it is light, it will affect the result, and if it is serious, the plant will die.

Nutrients

Balsam pear has a wide range of adaptability to soil, from sandy soil to light clayey soil. Generally speaking, it grows well and has high yield on the loam which is fertile and loose, water and fertility is strong. Balsam pear has higher requirements for fertilizer, if sufficient organic fertilizer, strong plant growth, luxuriant stems and leaves, blossom and fruit, melons are also fat, good quality. Especially in the later stage of growth, if there is not enough fertilizer and water, the plant will be weak, the flowers and fruits will be few, the fruit will be small, the bitterness will increase, and the quality will decline. Balsam pear needs more nitrogen fertilizer, but can not be partial application of nitrogen fertilizer; otherwise, stress resistance is reduced, so that the plant is vulnerable to bacteria infection and cold damage. In the fertile and loose middle loam, the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can make the plant grow healthily and bear melon for a long time.

Management of different periods of balsam pear cultivation in greenhouse

1 temperature and humidity management

On the basis of sufficient planting water, the temperature in the greenhouse was kept at 25 ℃ ~ 30 ℃ in daytime and 14 ℃ ~ 18 ℃ at night because of no watering and no ventilation at slow seedling stage. After slowing down the seedlings, it went into normal management. Through the uncovering of the plastic film, the temperature was kept at 25 ℃ ~ 28 ℃ in daytime, no more than 30 ℃ in daytime, 13 ℃ ~ 17 ℃ in night, and no less than 12 ℃ at night.

Entering the melon-bearing period, the temperature gradually increases and the light becomes stronger, so ventilation and cooling should be the main management. Gradually increase the ventilation volume and prolong the ventilation time. The film on both sides of the greenhouse should be rolled up in the hot season to make it ventilated day and night.

2Fertilizer and water management

Balsam pear is fertilizer-tolerant and barren-tolerant. In order to ensure the exuberant growth of plants and improve the yield and quality of fruits, rational fertilization is necessary. In the early stage, the plant is small, grows slowly and needs less fertilizer. On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, there is no need for topdressing. Ploughing and loosening the soil can be used to preserve soil moisture.

Entering the flowering and fruiting stage, the temperature is higher, the plant growth rate is accelerated, the amount of fertilizer and water is increased, and because the growing period of balsam pear is long, there are many melons, so we must pay attention to timely topdressing in order to promote seedlings and protect melons. In the early stage of melon fruiting, water is usually watered every 15 days or so, and urea or ammonium sulfate is applied with water. The dosage of urea per 667m2 is 4~5kg and ammonium sulfate is 8~10kg. In the middle and later stage, the plant growth was further increased, the melon strips expanded rapidly, the transpiration was strong, and the water requirement increased. Water can be irrigated once every 7-10 days, and potassium sulfate and urea 7kg per 667m2 can be applied along with the water. In the high temperature season, watering and fertilization can be carried out in the morning and evening. In the later stage, in order to protect leaves and delay senescence, photosynthetic micro-fertilizer, Yemanbao, potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed on the leaves.

(3) pruning and scaffolding

Balsam pear stems and vines grow luxuriantly and should be strictly pruned in greenhouse cultivation. The stem nodes of Momordica charantia are easy to produce adventitious roots. in order to expand the root absorption area, we can press the vine before putting it on the shelf. The method is to open a shallow ditch with long 15cm and deep 3~4cm on the ground, and bury a section of 15cm in the lower part of the main vine into the soil, and be careful not to bury the leaves. When the length of the vine reaches 40 ~ 50cm, it begins to build a herringbone frame with a height of 1.8cm and 2m, and leads the vine to the shelf. the stems and leaves of balsam pear are luxuriant and have strong branching power. in order to make the vines distribute reasonably, grow normally and bear melons, they need to be pruned in time. When the main vine reaches a certain height, leave 2 or 3 side vines to climb on the shelf with the main vine, and all the other side vines and their tendrils are removed. After getting on the shelf, the re-produced side branches will leave branches with melons, and then top them, while no melons will cut off the whole side branches from the base. If there are two female flowers on all branches, the first female flower can be removed and the second female flower can be left, because the quality of the second female flower is better than that of the first female flower. In the later stage of growth, the branches can not be pruned and grow laissez-faire, but attention should be paid to removing the lateral vines, tendrils, excess female buds and lower old yellow leaves, so as to strengthen ventilation and light transmission.

4 artificial pollination

There is no insect pollination in the greenhouse, and the female flowers often fall off because they are not pollinated. Artificial pollination can prevent falling flowers by taking the male flowers blooming on the same day, removing the Corolla and smearing the pollen scattered from stamens on the stigma of female flowers before 10: 00:00 in the morning.