Key points of standardized cultivation of radish

Any of various biennial or annual herbs of the genus Cruciferae, having fleshy, oblong, globose, or conical roots, with a green, white, or red rind; stems branched, glabrous, slightly farinose. Roots for vegetable consumption; seeds, fresh roots, withered roots and leaves are all used as medicine: seeds to eliminate food and phlegm; fresh roots to quench thirst and aid digestion, withered roots and diarrhea; leaves to treat primary dysentery and prevent dysentery; seed oil is used for industrial and edible use.

Morphological characteristics of radish

Radish is biennial or annual herbs, 20-100 cm tall; taproots fleshy, oblong, globose or conical, with green, white or red bark; stems branched, glabrous, slightly farinose. Basal and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid, 8-30 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, apical lobe ovate, lateral lobes 4-6 pairs, oblong, obtuse, sparsely hirsute, upper leaves oblong, serrate or subentire. Racemes terminal and axillary; flowers white or pink, 1.5-2 cm in diam.; pedicels 5-15 mm long; sepals oblong, 5-7 mm long; petals Obovate, 1-1.5 cm long, purple striate, lower part with 5 mm long claws. Siliques Terete, 3-6 cm long and 10-12 mm wide, constricted at considerable interseeding and forming a spongy transverse septum; apical beak 1-1.5 cm long; fruiting pedicel 1-1.5 cm long. Seeds 1-6, ovate, slightly flattened, ca. 3 mm, reddish brown, finely reticulate. The florescence is from April to May and the fruiting period is from May to June.

Radish stem erect, stout, Terete, hollow, branched from base. Basal leaves and lower leaves of stem have long stalks, usually pinnately divided, hirsute, lateral lobes 1-3 pairs, margin serrate or notched; middle and upper leaves of stem oblong to lanceolate, gradually smaller upward, undivided or slightly divided, not clasping. Racemes, terminal and axillary. The flowers are light pink or white. Siliques, indehiscent, subconical, straight or slightly curved, constricted into beads between seeds, apex long beak, beak 2, 5 cm long, fruit wall spongy. Seeds 1-6, reddish brown or yellow, round, finely reticulate.

Key points of standardized cultivation of radish

Select land and sow seeds

In the selection of land, radish should not be around the seriously polluted industrial plant, and the source of irrigation water should not be polluted. in addition, radish has a wide adaptability to soil, which generally requires deep soil layer, good water retention and drainage. Rich in organic matter. However, radish has higher requirements for soil preparation. The field where radish is planted should be cleaned as soon as possible after the harvest of the previous crop, and should be ploughed and turned to a depth of 20-25 cm. After fertilizing, ploughing and raking, it is made into small high beds or small high ridges to prevent flooding. After fertilizer application, remove sundries such as large bricks, tiles, glass, grass roots and waste plastic film in the field to prevent radish from bifurcating or cracking when growing.

Use 250-300 grams of radish seeds per mu in the field, first mix with 10-15 kg fine soil and then spread evenly (those cultivated by ridging can be planted in holes or ditches), and the cover soil is 1-1.5 cm thick after sowing. If possible, cover the sunshade net to cool and prevent rainstorm, so as to avoid the emergence of seedlings affected by the rainstorm. The general row spacing of carrots is about 30 cm, and the hole spacing is 20-25 cm. The row spacing of spring immature radish is 33 cm, and the hole spacing is 27 cm. If the weather is dry after sowing, water should be watered frequently to keep the ground moist and lower the ground temperature to facilitate seedling emergence. In case of heavy rain, it should be drained in time to prevent waterlogging. If the ridge is scoured, it should be replanted in time after the rain.

Fertilization technology

The base fertilizer radish generally uses the direct broadcast method, so the base fertilizer is the main link of radish high yield. Base fertilizer per mu can be sprinkled with mature (especially pay attention to) barnyard manure 2500-3000 kg, potassium sulfate 10 kg, superphosphate 25-30 kg, turned into the soil. In some places, base fertilizer can be applied with soil miscellaneous fertilizer and a certain amount of cake fertilizer, which can make the fleshy root grow very full, and it is not easy to be hollow during storage, which is beneficial to the production of pollution-free radish.

Topdressing for the first time when the seedlings grew to a true leaf, topdressing 1000 kg of rotten rarefied human feces and urine. After fixing the seedlings, we applied 1500 kilograms of mature human feces and urine and 5 kilograms of superphosphate and 5 kilograms of potassium sulfate for the third time when the fleshy root was "broken belly" (the beginning of expansion and accelerated growth of fleshy root). Carrots are generally applied only these three times, and spring immature radish can be fertilized 1-2 times during the peak period of fleshy root growth. if the aboveground leaves are particularly thick and green, they can no longer be fertilized, and it is necessary to spray 15% paclobutrazol 20 grams of water to inhibit aboveground growth and promote the expansion of underground fleshy roots.

If too much nitrogen fertilizer is applied, when the air and soil are dry, and the root is damaged, the absorption of calcium by the plant will be hindered, the leaf edge will rot, the root surface will produce deep hair holes, many lateral roots and so on. Therefore, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled in the later stage of radish growth, and attention should be paid to the supply of boron in soil to prevent radish from producing hollow and black heart.

Field management

Interseedling fixed seedling radish seedlings and 2-3 true leaf stage each seedling once. Set seedlings with 4-5 true leaves and leave one plant in each hole.

Fertilizer and water management radish is afraid of both drought and dampness. Rain Water should drain and reduce stains in time. Radish has large leaf area, strong transpiration and poor drought resistance, so it is necessary to supply enough water at the right time. Fully water before sowing to ensure that seedlings emerge quickly and neatly; seedling and rosette stage should be watered less to promote taproot to go deep into the soil layer, prevent leaves from growing too long, and master the principle of "the ground is not dry and irrigated, the surface is white before watering"; the root growth period should be fully uniform water supply, promote fleshy root expansion, prevent hollowness, improve quality, and enhance storage resistance. Watering in the evening is better for autumn cultivation, which is beneficial to reduce the soil temperature and promote the transport and storage of nutrients to the roots.

The fertilization principle of radish is "based on base fertilizer and supplemented by topdressing". Varieties with sufficient base fertilizer and short growth period can be less topdressing, and varieties with long growth period should be topdressing by stages, with emphasis on fertilizer application in the early growth stage and the peak growth period of fleshy root.

Pest control of radish diseases and pests are mainly aphids, ape leaf insects, cabbage insects, yellow striped beetle, beet armyworm, as well as virus diseases, black rot, etc., in order to make radish pollution-free, we should pay attention to the following points. First, reasonable rotation, reasonable close planting, cleaning the countryside, improving the field microclimate environment and reducing the occurrence and harm of diseases; second, the use of sunshade net and anti-insect net covering technology can reduce the occurrence of pests such as cabbage pest and beet armyworm; third, the selection of biological pesticides, high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides, adhere to the appropriate period of drug use, appropriate amount of medicine. Fourth, the interval between the use of drugs should be strict, and should be stopped 2 weeks before harvest.

When the fleshy root of radish is fully expanded and the leaf color turns to yellow and green, the radish should be harvested and listed in time. As far as possible timely and early harvest, on the one hand, it can improve economic benefits, on the other hand, it can avoid bran heart caused by factors such as expired growth or drought.