Cultivation and management techniques of gourd in spring and autumn field

Bottle gourd (Pinyin: hogzu), alias: sweet gourd, sweet gourd, gourd, Jingjie mallet, longmi melon, celadon, long gourd, flat cattail; angiosperm, a kind of gourd of cucurbitaceae, is a variety of gourd of this genus, annual climbing herb. It is different from the gourd (original variety) in that the ovary is cylindrical; the fruit is cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, up to 60-80 cm long, green and white, and the flesh is white. The fruit is soft and juicy when it is tender and can be used as a vegetable. It is cultivated in most parts of the country, widely cultivated in the Yangtze River basin and harvested in summer and autumn.

Plant morphology of bottle gourd

Bottle gourd annual climbing herbs, with soft hairs; tendrils branched. Leaves alternate, leaf blade cordate-ovoid to reniform-ovoid, 10-40 cm long, slightly equal to length, slightly angular or 3-lobed, apex mucronate or obtusely rounded, margin short-toothed, base cordate; petiole 5-30 cm long, tip with 2 glandular teeth. Flowers solitary, blooming and withering early at night; male flowers with long stalks, longer than petioles; female flower stalks shorter. Calyx 2-3 cm long, calyx funnelform, 5-lobed, lobed teeth narrowly triangular, pilose; petals 5, white, broadly ovate or Obovate, 3-4 cm long, 2-3 cm wide, margin wrinkled. Male flowers have 3 stamens, anthers United, one with 1 locule, the other two with 2 locules each; female ovary oval, tomentose, style short, stigma 3, each 2-lobed. The fruit is Obovate, long oval or oblong in shape, slightly soft and green when it is tender, and the outer skin becomes hard and white or yellow when it is ripe. Seeds numerous, white, Obovate-long-elliptic, apex truncate or 2-angled. The florescence is June. The fruit is in July. It is cultivated in most parts of the country. The seeds of this plant (bottle gourd seed) and the old dried pericarp (pupa seed shell) are also used for medicinal purposes.

Field cultivation and management techniques of bottle gourd in spring and autumn

Variety selection.

⑴ Hefei line bottle gourd: early maturity, high quality, high yield, disease resistance. The melon is 50-70 cm long, 8-10 cm thick and weighs 1-1.5 kg per melon.

⑵ Shucheng Jasper No. 1: precocious, disease resistant, high yield and high quality. The melon is 50-100 cm long, 5-10 cm thick and 0.4-1.2 kg per melon.

⑶ Nanjing noodle bottle: precocious and high-yielding. The melon is 70-100 cm long and weighs 1.5-2 kg per melon.

⑷ Wuhan long bottle gourd: early maturity, high yield and high quality. The melon is oblong and the waist is thin and the end is big. Melon length 65 cm, horizontal diameter 7-8 cm, single melon weight 1 kg.

Raise seedlings.

⑴ timely sowing and seedling cultivation: multi-layer mulch cultivation in greenhouse, sowing date in early and middle January, arch greenhouse cultivation, sowing in early and middle February, open field cultivation, sowing in early and middle March, autumn open field cultivation, sowing in early and middle July, autumn greenhouse cultivation, sowing in early and middle August.

Preparation of ⑵ nutritious soil: 7 parts of sterile fertile vegetable garden soil without melon planting, 2 parts of mature dry fine manure soil + 1 part of plant ash, adding 1kg of superphosphate or 0.5kg of compound fertilizer per cubic meter of nutritious soil, stirring fully.

Soaking seeds with ⑶ to accelerate germination: the amount of seeds used is 3-3.5kg.

Blanch seeds with ① hot water. Stir the seeds in 55 ℃ hot water for 15-20 minutes. Soak the seeds for 5 hours at about 30 ℃.

Soak the seeds with ② agent: after soaking the seeds for 3-4 hours, soak the seeds in formalin (40% formaldehyde) for 10-15 minutes, or soak them with 0.1% potassium permanganate or 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes or 1% copper sulfate for 5 minutes, then rinse them with clean water repeatedly and then accelerate germination.

③ sprouting: wrapped in wet gauze, covered with a layer of plastic film, budding at 25-30 ℃. Rinse with warm water 1-2 times a day and sow when 80% of the seeds are white.

⑷ sowing: put the nutrient soil into a nutrition bowl with a diameter of 10 cm, move it into an arch shed or greenhouse, and pour enough water into the root. Insert the bud mouth of the dew seed down into the bowl, 1 grain per bowl, and cover the soil 1-1.5 cm after sowing. Cover the seedbed with film, open it during the day and cover it at night, keeping the bed temperature 25-30 ℃. Sunshade net was used to cool down the seedlings in summer. After emergence, the bed temperature should be controlled at 20-25 ℃ and not less than 15 ℃ at night. Maintain and control a certain temperature and humidity in the shed. 4 leaves and 1 heart.

Fertilize in the field.

⑴ spread basic fertilizer: 75000 kg/hm2 of rotten organic fertilizer, 3000kg/hm2 of rice bran or chopped straw, and then deep ploughing.

⑵ soil moisture cultivation: the width of the border varies according to different cultivation methods.

① was cultivated with plastic film mulching support in the open field. The width of the border is 1.3 meters, the width of the ditch is 0.4 meters, and the depth of the ditch is 0.2 meters. Two rows were planted on the border, the plant spacing was 0.5-0.6m, and the planting density was about 24000 plants / hm2. Or make a bed of 2.7 meters, plant a row on each side of the border, and the plant spacing is 0.3 meters.

② greenhouse, arch greenhouse, plastic film mulching cultivation. The border is 1 meter wide, 0.4 meters wide and 0.2 meters deep. Two rows were planted in each border, and the plant spacing was 0.4m, about 30 000 plants per hm2.

③ was cultivated without support with plastic film in open field. The width of the border is 2.7 meters, the width of the ditch is 0.3 meters, and the depth of the ditch is 0.2 meters. One row was planted on each side of the border, the plant spacing was 0.3m, and about 22500 plants / hm2 were planted.

⑶ digging trenches: longitudinally dug ditches in the planting belt on the border surface, with a width of 0.3m and a depth of 0.4m.

⑷ application of gully base fertilizer: 15000 kg/hm2; of high quality rotten manure or 1500 kg of dry manure and cake fertilizer, or ternary compound fertilizer 600kg/hm2 and superphosphate 300kg/hm2. Stir the fertile soil and make ridges with flat ditches.

Colonization.

According to different cultivation methods and seasons, timely and appropriate age colonization. The suitable seedling age is 4 leaves and 1 heart. Precocious cultivation with multi-layer mulch was planted from the end of February to the beginning of March. Need to pour enough fixed root water, cover plastic film, cover arch shed film, grass curtain, greenhouse film. Autumn extension cultivation, first open field and then covered with greenhouse film. Plastic film should be covered in different seasons.

Administration and Management.

⑴ ploughing and loosening soil: if the plastic film is not covered, loosen the soil 3-4 times before pulling the vine support. The plant hoes shallowly near the root and deep at the far root.

⑵ set up a bracket: build a herringbone frame with a 3-meter-long bamboo pole, cross at 1.3m, and set up 2-3 horizontal frames with a small bamboo pole. The bottle gourd is cultivated in the greenhouse, and the height of the bracket in the greenhouse should not pierce the greenhouse film.

⑶ heart-picking vines: precocious bottle gourd can not be heart-picking. To climb the bottle gourd, it is appropriate to pick the heart for 2-3 times and press the vine. Late-maturing muskmelon should be cultivated in a flat shed, leaving 6-8 leaves of the main vine after the shed, and then pick the heart of the main vine and seed vine.

⑷ artificial pollination: artificial pollination in the evening.

⑸ temperature and humidity management: early maturing cultivation in greenhouse, after planting, the key point is to maintain the temperature in the greenhouse, open the grass curtain during the day, keep the temperature in the greenhouse at 25-30 ℃ in the day and 18-20 ℃ at night. After slow seedling, the daily temperature in the greenhouse was kept at 25 ℃ and the night temperature was kept at 15 ℃. When the temperature in the shed rises to 28 ℃ in the morning, the film is opened and ventilated, and the shed is closed when the temperature drops to 28 ℃ in the afternoon. If the humidity in the shed is too high, it is necessary to increase the scope of the film. When the night temperature outside the shed reaches 20 ℃, the greenhouse film can be removed.

⑹ water and fertilizer management: irrigate enough fixed root water when planting, and water again after slowing down the seedling. Before flowering and fruiting period, manure, organic fertilizer or compound fertilizer should be applied every 5 days or so; in fruiting period, manure or compound fertilizer should be applied every 10-15 days, and at the same time, the concentration of water and fertilizer should be controlled to prevent melons; watering should be done in time after fruiting period, and should be watered in the morning or evening. Foliar spraying with 0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution every 10 days. After each melon harvest, topdressing should be done once. Pay attention to drainage in the rainy season. Greenhouse cultivation should pay attention to ventilation, heat preservation and humidity reduction.

Pest control.

⑴ physical control: through the sun high temperature drying seeds, hot seeds, dry heat treatment, sterilization; winter frozen cutting soil, freeze insecticidal eggs, plastic film mulching insecticidal sterilization, high temperature killing and sterilization in the greenhouse.

Chemical control of ⑵:

① seedling stunting disease and blight disease. It can be sprayed 2-3 times every 7 days with 75% chlorothalonil 600 times solution or Ruidotoxin wettable powder 800 times liquid.

② Fusarium wilt. The root can be irrigated with 1000 times of dimethazone for 3 times and once every 10 days.

③ virus disease. Timely removal of diseased plants and control of aphids. It can be controlled by dimethoate and dimethoate.

④ powdery mildew. You can use 75% chlorothalonil or 1500-2000 times of trimethoprim or 1000 times of polysulfide suspension alternately every 7 days.

⑤ spongy rot. It can be sprayed with 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc 500 times solution or 64% germicidal alum 500 times solution or 18% methylamine manganese zinc 800 times solution.

Harvest.

The first melon should be harvested 15-20 days after flowering. The harvest period is 11-14 days after anthesis. Use sterilized scissors to harvest, at the same time prevent sewage pollution, get rid of diseases, inferior melons, neatly stacked.

Leave the seed.

The first and second melons with typical characteristics, strong, strong disease resistance and early fruiting were selected, and the rest of the young melons and female flowers were removed. After sitting melon, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The seeds should be taken out after ripening and sowing the following year.

Difficulties and countermeasures in the production of bottle gourd in autumn.

At present, there is a great demand for bottle gourd in autumn, but due to high temperature in summer and autumn, serious drought and waterlogging, and serious harm of soil-borne diseases in vegetable garden (such as virus disease, Fusarium wilt, blight, etc.), bottle gourd can not grow and develop normally. The response measures are as follows:

⑴ selected good disease-resistant varieties suitable for local growth.

⑵ suitable sowing time: the sowing time should avoid the peak growth period in the high temperature season, and arrange the initial fruiting period at the temperature of 20-25 ℃. Early sowing is susceptible to virus disease, late sowing is susceptible to cold snap.

⑶ strict treatment of seeds: the combination of scalding seeds and chemical soaking seeds. The process is as follows: sun seed → hot seed (55 ℃ water continuous stirring) → seed soaking (3-4 hours) medicament soaking seed (10% trisodium phosphate or 40% formaldehyde 100x solution for 10 minutes) → washing → sowing.

⑷ bed soil disinfection. Choose 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder 600 times solution plus 40.7% Lesbon 800-1000 times solution, spray seedbed before sowing, disinfect and sterilize and kill underground pests.

The temperature of ⑸ seedbed decreased. Sunshade net or Arbor was used to cool the seedbed, and short-day treatment was used to promote the formation of female flowers.

After the emergence of ⑹, the moisture of the seedling bed was controlled to prevent overgrowth. 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed 1-2 times.

When planting ⑺, soak the soil with roots and roots in carbendazim solution for 3-5 minutes. If you encounter high temperature after planting, sunshade or Arbor should be used to cover and cool down to prevent rainstorm from washing seedlings. When the outside temperature is lower than 20 ℃ at the end of September, it is necessary to cover the greenhouse film strictly.

⑻ management: after drawing the vine, remove the lateral branches below 10 leaves and lead the vine to the shelf. The main vine is 0.2 meters away from the roof or reaches the top shelf to pick the heart; the female flower has 2 leaves to pick the heart. Artificial pollination is carried out at 10:00 or evening every morning. Remove the basal old leaves, yellow leaves, diseased leaves and invalid branches in time to enhance ventilation and light transmission.