Standardized cultivation techniques of Trichosanthes

Trichosanthes kirilowii alias, balsam pear (Yueqing), melon (Wenzhou Wencheng), crow melon (Wenzhou). Root (Chinese medicine name Trichosanthes kirilowii), fruit (Chinese medicine name Trichosanthes kirilowii), pericarp (Chinese medicine name Trichosanthes kirilowii), seed (Chinese medicine name Trichosanthes kirilowii), gourd family Trichosanthes is a perennial climbing herb, up to 10 meters long. Rhizomes plump, terete, rind yellow. Stems much branched, glabrous; leaves alternate, suborbicular or cordate, dioecious; male flowers several racemes, rarely solitary, corolla lobes obovate, female flowers solitary, ovary ovate, fruit subglobose, orange-red when ripe, flowering and fruiting period 7~11 months.

Plant morphology of Trichosanthes chinensis

Perennial climbing herbs, up to 5 m long. Rhizomes plump, terete, rind yellow. Stems much branched, glabrous; tendrils axillary, slender, apically 2-5-lobed. Leaves alternate, suborbicular or cordate, ca. 7-20 cm in length and width, usually 5-7 palmate lobed or midlobed, rarely deeply lobed, or undivided and only coarsely toothed, lobes oblong or oblong-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, surface sparsely pubescent or glabrous, apex acute or shortly acuminate, margin sparsely toothed or notched. dioecious; male flowers several on peduncles 10-20 cm long, racemes uppermost, rarely solitary, bracts obovate or broadly ovate, 1.5-2 cm long, margin dentate, receptacle tubular, ca. 3.5 cm long; calyx lobes lanceolate, entire, ca. 15 mm long, corolla lobes obovate, apical fine linear, stamens 3, filaments short, hairy, anthers connivent; female flowers solitary, ovary ovate, style 3-lobed. Fruit subglobose, orange-red when ripe, smooth; seeds numerous, flattened. Flowering from July to August, fruiting from September to November. Production of southern Jiangsu, northern Jiangsu all over, growing in the sunny slopes, foot, stone crevices, grass in the field. Distribution in northern China to the Yangtze River basin throughout.

Standardized Cultivation Techniques of Trichosanthes kirilowii

1. Select soil layer

Deep, fertile, well-drained sandy loam, deep ploughing before freezing, leveling and harrowing fine, digging trenches 50cm deep and 30cm wide according to row spacing of 1.5 meters, so that the soil is weathered and cured. Before planting in the following spring, 3000 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with decomposed manure, soil miscellaneous fertilizer, cake fertilizer and calcium superphosphate shall be applied into the ditch every mu, mixed well with the ditch soil, then filled with fine soil, and then irrigated thoroughly along the ditch. 2 - 3 days after shallow tillage 1 time, when the soil is moderately dry and wet for planting.

II. Sowing

Seed propagation, root propagation and vine pressing propagation

1, seed reproduction seed sowing reproduction time can be selected in early spring in late February to early March. Direct seeding or seedling transplanting is generally adopted. The seed source can be harvested in September to October of the previous year and dried in a cool and ventilated place. The seeds are taken out with the seeds and placed in about 40℃, soaked in 1% warm salt water for 4 to 6 hours, then transferred to cold water for 24 hours, removed and drained. Mix well with 3 to 5 times wet fine sand, and germinate in a greenhouse at 25 to 30℃. After most of the seeds are cracked and exposed, they can be sown.

1) Direct seeding in the whole planting ground, according to the row spacing of 130×50cm apply appropriate amount of decomposed compost, mix well with the hole soil, cover the fine soil thickness of 10cm and then spread into 5 - 7 seeds, seed tip or crack downward, after sowing cover the fine soil thickness of 2 - 3 cm, cover the grass to keep warm. Remove the cover grass after emergence, thin the seedlings about 10cm high, and leave 2 - 3 seedlings per hole.

2) Seedling transplanting should adopt germinated seeds for hotbed seedling, which can be transplanted about 50 days in advance, which can prolong the growth period of Trichosanthes, promote flower bud differentiation, and bear fruit in the same year if well managed. The method is: choose sunny sandy loam land as hotbed, prepare the soil in early spring, make a 1.3-meter-wide ridge, the ridge length depends on the terrain. Then, dig up the ridge soil, fill it with humus soil, compost, calcium superphosphate, human and animal manure and other mixed compost compound fertilizer, the thickness is about 30cm, and then cover the fine soil 10cm. Before and after the rain festival, according to the row spacing of 15 - 20cm open horizontal ditch. 3 - 5 cm deep. Then, every 7cm ridge surface covered with plastic film, heat preservation and moisture. To late March, when seedlings grow 2 - 3 true leaves, in the whole planting ground, according to the row spacing from 50×30cm to dig holes, hole diameter and depth of 30cm, apply enough base fertilizer, mix evenly with the hole soil, and then fill the fine soil 10cm thick, and then plant seedlings or press vine seedlings 2 - 3 trees per hole, cover the soil and compact the roots. After planting, light human and livestock manure water is applied once, about 1000 kg per mu. To survive. 2, root propagation selection results 3 - 5 years, strong growth, no diseases and insect pests of improved Trichosanthes, and the right amount of male plants (according to 10 per mu configuration). Dig out the root tuber before and after Qingming Festival, select the fresh root tuber with diameter of 3 - 5cm and white section without diseases and insect pests (yellow gluten section is diseased root), cut into 5 - 7cm long sections as seed root, stick plant ash on the incision (mixed with 50% calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer), spray 0.51PPM gibberellin (GAC dilute solution), and plant after drying slightly. On the whole ridge surface, according to the row spacing of 1.5 meters, the plant spacing of 30cm, dig 9cm holes, put a seed root in each hole, cover the fine soil thickness of 3 - 5 cm, step on it with feet, and then cultivate the soil 7 - 9cm to make it small mound shape. or mulching after planting, breaking the film and opening holes in time after seedlings emerge, introducing seedlings out of the film, and carrying out field management. Because mulching with plastic film can improve ground temperature, improve soil physical and chemical properties, it can early sprout, blossom and bear fruit, and can prolong the growth period of Trichosanthes, which is beneficial to yield increase.

3. The vine has the characteristics of adventitious roots. The stem nodes of the old vine can be pressed into the soil in the rainy season. After taking root, they are cut off from the mother and planted separately. III. Weeding and topdressing

Weeding is carried out once a year in spring, summer and autumn, grass is removed in growth period, no weeds are kept in the field, and the plants are stopped after sealing. 10 days after Trichosanthes was transplanted, spraying 10 - 20ppm gibberellin (GAC) and 0.1 - 0.3% urea mixed solution once to promote rapid growth of seedlings; seedling height of about 1.5 meters, then topdressing urea once;5, 6, 7, 3 months respectively topdressing compound fertilizer once. From the second year onwards, topdressing twice a year: the first time, when the seedling height is 30cm, 500 kg of decomposed manure or 30 kg of cake manure, 10 kg of urea and 500 kg of soil miscellaneous manure are applied per mu, and then mixed and piled, and then applied in furrows between rows, and then covered with soil and watered; The second time before flowering in the middle of June, 1000 kg of decomposed manure or 50 kg of cake manure, 20 kg of calcium superphosphate and 500 kg of soil miscellaneous manure are applied per mu, and then the mixture is piled up, and the furrow is opened for application. After application, soil is covered and watering is carried out.

IV. Framing

In order to increase the yield, when the stem length of Trichosanthes is more than 30cm, each plant leaves 2 - 3 strong stems and vines, and the rest of the weak vines are completely cut off and begin to set up scaffolding. The height of the scaffold is about 1.5 meters. The cement prefabricated rows or bamboo and wooden columns with a length of 1.8 meters can be used as the main column. One row of Trichosanthes is a column, and one root is erected every 2 - 2.5 meters. A horizontal frame is set up between 2 - 3 rows. Pull iron wires at the top, two ends, middle and four corners of the shelf and keep them firm. Two rows of thin bamboo poles or straw on top of the shelf are tied to the wire with ropes. Then, insert two small bamboo poles next to each snakegourd, tie the upper end to the cross bar or iron wire at the top of the shelf, pull the stem vine on it, and loosely tie it with a string. After Trichosanthes kirilowii grows on shelves, it is necessary to remove over-dense and weak branches, excessive branches, axillary buds, etc. in time, so as to make the stems and vines evenly distributed, ventilated and transparent, which can reduce unnecessary consumption of nutrients, reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, facilitate artificial pollination and increase seed setting rate.

V. Artificial pollination

Male plants are arranged between rows of Trichosanthes kirilowii or beside shelves according to the ratio of male and female plants 6:1. At flowering, at eight or nine o'clock in the morning, dip the male pollen with a writing brush, smear it on the stigma of female flower one by one, make a large number of male pollen enter the stigma hole, and check the effect of artificial pollination when the ovary expands to the size of soybean grain. Artificial pollination can greatly increase the fruit setting rate, which is an important measure for increasing yield of a plant.

VI. Pest Control

1. Root knot nematode harms roots, first fibrous roots turn brown and rot, later roots partially or partially rot, diseased plants are short, growth and development are slow, leaves turn green and yellow, and finally the whole plant dies. Pulling up the diseased plant, there are many nodules of different sizes at the root, and white female nematodes can be seen by picking them up with needles.

Control methods: (1) Deep ploughing in early spring, exposing the soil to the sun, killing the source of disease;(2) Before planting root tuber, soak it in 800 times solution of 4% methyl iso-phoxim emulsifiable solution for 15 minutes, dry it and sow it;(3) When preparing soil, mix a small amount of dry sand with 10kg of 5% gram phosphorus granules per mu, sprinkle it on the surface of the ridge, turn it into the soil, then water it, permeate it and sow it. 20% methyl iso-phoxim emulsifiable concentrate can also be used for soil disinfection by adding 30 kg of fine soil to 1.5 kg per mu and turning it into soil.

2. Huangshougua bites the leaves with adults, bites the roots with larvae, and even bites into the roots. To cause the plant to wither and die.

Control methods: (1) artificial capture in the morning;(2) 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution poisoning adults, 2000 times solution irrigation root poisoning larvae.

3. Aphids occur in June and July, harming tender heart leaves and top tender leaves. Control method: spray with 40% dimethoate 800 - 1500 times solution.