High-yield cultivation techniques of water chestnut in field

Water chestnut (pinyin: B í qi English: water chestnut scientific name: Eleocharis dulcis), also known as horseshoe, water chestnut, peony, mackerel, black taro, bodhi chestnut, pear, is a kind of water chestnut of Cyperaceae. Cyperaceae water chestnut is a shallow perennial root herb, which uses bulbs as vegetables. In ancient times, it was called horse hoof (horse hoof), also known as chestnut. It was named because it was shaped like a horse's hoof and chestnut. Call it a horseshoe, only refer to its appearance; say that it is like a chestnut, not only in shape, but also similar to chestnut in nature, taste, composition and function, and because it is borne in the mud, it is called ground chestnut.

Characteristics of water chestnut

Water chestnut originated in China, is suitable for shallow water cultivation of aquatic vegetables, underground bulbs from food, raw food, cooked food, but also can make starch or medicinal. Water chestnut is a perennial herbaceous plant. After corm propagation and corm planting, there are inconspicuous short stems on the corms, slender whisker roots can grow on the basal stem nodes, no root hairs, green leafy aboveground stems can be drawn upward from the shortened stems, the leafy stems are tubular, erect, hollow and tufted, and they can carry out photosynthesis. Stolons can be produced around the shortened stems and grow horizontally in the soil. Some stem nodes can take root and bud, and the bud will protrude immediately. It is called ramet stolon. Some stolon apex can expand into a bulb, which is called bulbous stolon. The bulb is oblate and round, with a smooth surface, dark maroon or jujube red after ripening, with 3-5 circles. The bulb expansion period is about 70 days. The growth of water chestnut is strong and easy to cultivate. it is cultivated in shallow water with deep soil layer, rich in organic matter, rich and soft, with many bulbs and ruddy color. If the water depth is not more than 30 cm, otherwise the shoot is too prosperous, it will affect the formation of the corm, and there are more requirements for phosphorus and potash fertilizer, so as to prevent excessive nitrogen fertilizer, the temperature should be 15-20 degrees in the early stage, 25-28 degrees in the plant division period, and 10-20 degrees in the corm formation period.

High-yield cultivation techniques of water chestnut in field

First, select improved varieties, sow seeds at the right time, and plant them closely in a reasonable manner.

At present, the excellent varieties of water chestnut popularized in Zhangzhou are mainly "Guilin Horseshoe" and "Minhou tail Pear". They are early and middle mature varieties with plant height of 90105 cm, single fruit weight of 18 to 20 grams, reddish brown, crisp and tender quality, sweet and juicy taste and excellent quality. suitable for processing and canning. Water chestnut seeds should choose a bulb with strong bud head, large and uniform, disease-free and fester-free. Before raising seedlings, water chestnut seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours, and the garden nursery bed which was easy to moisturize and shade was selected from late June to early July. First hoe the seedling field, break the soil and flatten it, and then plant the seeds with a distance of 1 cm, covered with a layer of semi-dry and wet light loam or mature farm manure, the thickness of which is appropriate to cover water chestnuts and cover the soil or fertilizer is too dry. Water pipes should be strengthened and watered frequently to make the soil moist. When sprouting for 15-20 days, the green is 810 cm. When the root grows from the bud, it should be transferred to the late rice seedling field in time to raise seedlings. The row spacing is 12 cm × 12 cm. During the seedling period, 30% thin urine was applied twice and sprayed with 1000 times carbendazim for 12 times to prevent stem blight. At the end of July and the beginning of August, when the seedling is more than 25 cm high and the seedling raising period is 16-18 days, the seedlings can be uprooted and transplanted to Honda. The sprouted bulbs can also enter the seedling field to raise seedlings, pay attention to moist water in the early stage, and set up a shed to shade conditionally.

Second, field cultivation techniques.

1. Broadcast early at the right time. Water chestnut was transplanted in the field from Greater Heat to the end of July and granulated at the end of September, so as to prolong the bulb expansion period and increase the proportion of large grains. Transplanting seedlings are required to be 2025 cm high. When the main clump has 10-15 leafy stems, bring soil to the seedling, take medicine to the field, pull it out and put it gently, so as to prevent the stalk from breaking and cutting the root.

2. Choose a good field. Water chestnut itself is not strict with the soil. However, for villages and towns located in the plain, the fields should be selected: first, drainage and irrigation should facilitate the black mud fields, Wudai fields, or Huidai fields with fertile soil, which are conducive to high yield and high quality; second, continuous planting should be carried out to facilitate unified management; and crop rotation should be carried out to prevent continuous cropping and reduce diseases.

3. Moderate deep planting. The planting depth should be 12-15 cm, and the corm should be kept 35 cm away from the bottom of the plough in principle. The general row spacing of close planting is 50 cm × 50 cm, with 2500 × 2600 clumps per mu.

4. Balanced fertilization. The principle of "stability in front, control in the middle and attack after attack" should be grasped in fertilization.

Fertilization during the growing period of ① sprouts can steadily grow and promote strong culms. First of all, base fertilizer is applied, mainly organic fertilizer, and 2000-3000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer per mu. For fertile fields, 75 kg of ammonium bicarbonate and 25 kg of superphosphate can be applied 24 days before moving into Honda. 7-10 days after sowing, 10 kg urea per mu should be applied, and the water layer should be maintained and ploughed once. 10 kg urea was applied every 20 days to promote the closure.

Fertilization in the vigorous growth period of ② can keep fit and control the growth. Give priority to phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, with 10kg of calcium magnesium phosphorus plus 25kg of potassium sulfate or potassium chloride per mu, or 25kg of potassium nitride compound fertilizer to promote the lightening of stem color and lay the foundation for strengthening grains.

During the bulb expansion stage of ③, fertilizing and promoting granule enlargement. When the water chestnut bulb is up to 2 cm long, use 10 kg potassium sulfate or 20 kg potassium chloride compound fertilizer per mu plus 10 kg urea for the first time; 10-15 days later, the seedlings should attack again as appropriate, and there should be a water layer when fertilizing. The proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied in the whole field growth period was 1: 0.40: 1.03.

5. Keep the water layer. Water chestnut is an aquatic crop, it is appropriate to maintain a shallow water layer, especially in the early growth period to ensure sufficient water, the specific seedling period to maintain the shallow water layer of 35 cm, the vigorous growth period to maintain the water layer of 69 cm, not more than 10 cm, to prevent overgrowth. When the number of clusters is sealed, the operation can be wetted until the later stage of flowering. To 20 days before harvest (Frosts Descent about) cut off the water and dry, so that the leaves began to turn yellow, gradually withered, ready for mining.

6. Timely prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: the main diseases and insect pests of water chestnut are stem blight, rust, white grain borer, etc., which can be sprayed with 10000 times of DuPont Foxing EC or 68.75% of DuPont easy wettable particles 1500 times plus 2000 times of DuPont Keling wettable powder.

7. Harvest and keep seeds. After the drainage dries up in mid-November, the soil can be dug when the soil does not stick to the hoe. The water chestnuts that can be used as seeds are required to be large (more than 18 grams per fruit), short navel, round and no damage. Water chestnuts can be collected for as long as a year, and the method can not only build ponds (cellars), but also store loose bags and bases. Generally, after the water chestnut is dug out, cool and dry the soil, store it with a clean urea bag or feed bag with an inner membrane, and then pack a uniform pile, cover the surface with a layer of fine sand, and then seal the pile with agricultural film for the winter, leaving it to be planted the following year.