Matters needing attention in Spring Potato cultivation

Potato (scientific name: Solanum tuberosum, English: potato), Solanaceae, annual herbs, also known as egg, potato, potato and so on. The earliest artificial cultivation of potatoes can be traced back to southern Peru from about 8000 to 5000 BC. Potatoes, 15-80 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The stem is divided into two parts: the above ground stem and the underground stem. Potato is one of the five staple foods in China, with high nutritional value, strong adaptability and high yield. it is the third most important food crop in the world, second only to wheat and corn. Potato is a tuber reproduction, can be used as medicine, sexual flat taste sweet, can treat stomachache, ribs, carbuncle swelling and other diseases. As a food, its preservation period should not be too long, it must be kept at low temperature, dry and airtight. (note: young buds are slightly toxic), there is evidence that the vitamin C content of potatoes is about 4 times that of apples.

Morphological characteristics of Potato

Tuber morphology: herbs. Fruit is stem tuberous, oblate or 15-80 cm tall, globose, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The stem is divided into two parts: the above ground stem and the underground stem. Oblong, about 3-10 cm in diameter, the skin is white, reddish or purple. The color of potato skin is white, yellow, pink, red, purple and black, and the meat of potato is white, yellowish, yellow, black, cyan, purple and dark purple.

Plant morphology: whisker root system. The aboveground stem is rhomboid and hairy. The primary leaf is simple, entire. With the growth of the plant, odd and unequal pinnately compound leaves were gradually formed. Leaflets often alternate in size, 10-20 cm long; petiole ca. 2.5-5 cm; leaflets, 6-8 pairs, ovate to oblong, maximum up to 6 cm long and 3.2 cm wide, smallest less than 1 cm in length and width, apex pointed, base slightly unequal, entire, white sparsely pilose on both surfaces, lateral veins 6-7 on each side, apex slightly curved, petiolule ca. 1-8 mm. Corymbose terminal, posterior lateral, flowers white or blue-purple; calyx campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam., outside sparsely pilose, 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, apex long acuminate; Corolla radiate, ca. 2.5-3 cm in diameter, Corolla tube concealed in calyx, ca. 2 mm long, limb ca. 1.5 cm long, lobes 5, triangular, ca. 5 mm long; stamens ca. 6 mm, anthers 5 times as long as filament length Ovary ovoid, glabrous, style ca. 8 mm, stigma capitate.

Fruit shape: potato spherical, smooth, brown or purplish brown, about 1.5 cm in diameter. Seeds reniform, yellow. Flowering in summer.

Matters needing attention in Spring Potato cultivation

Potatoes are cultivated in spring and can be put on the market in May, which improves the planting efficiency of potatoes, but there are still many things to pay attention to in the cultivation of potatoes in spring. Let's learn about it together.

Spring potato tubers can grow when the soil temperature reaches 7-8 ℃ at a depth of 10 cm, thrive at 10-12 ℃, and quickly break out of the soil. This is the temperature index for sowing in various places.

Potato wide adaptability, generally choose loose texture, easy irrigation and easy drainage of the field, deep ploughing 20-25 cm; do high border, border width 95 cm, ditch width 25 cm, depth 25 cm. One-time application of sufficient fertilizer before sowing, combined with soil preparation, fertilizer will be applied in the center of the border. 1500-2000 kg of rotten organic fertilizer, 15 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 15 kg of potassium sulfate were applied per mu.

Spring potatoes should be especially early-maturing or disease-free and virus-free varieties, such as Zhongshu 2, Zaodabai (vegetable type), Feurita, Zhengshu 5 (export type), jute seed (high starch type), purple flower white, Atlantic (processing type) and so on. These varieties were harvested 60-80 days after seedling completion, with a yield of 1500-2000 kg per mu. The suitable size of seed potato is 50-100 grams. 10-15 days before sowing, if the seed potato has not passed the dormancy, the dormancy should be broken in two ways:

One is to cut the seed potato longitudinally from the top into several pieces, each with 1-2 bud eyes, and the incision should be close to the bud eye.

The second is to soak the seeds with gibberellin solution. Seed soaking can be divided into two kinds: whole potato seed soaking and slicing seed soaking. The whole potato seeds can be soaked in 10-20 mg / L gibberellin solution for 30 minutes, and cut into pieces and soaked in 5-10 mg / L gibberellin solution for 5-10 minutes. The preparation of gibberellin solution: gibberellin can be dissolved with a small amount of alcohol or liquor to water, 1 gram of gibberellin with 100 kilograms of water, that is, 10 mg / L of gibberellin solution. Before soaking the seeds in gibberellin solution, wash the starch at the cut with clean water, remove the potato pieces after soaking, and dry them in a cool place for 4-8 hours. Do not expose the seeds in the sun so as not to rot the seeds. Gibberellin solution can be repeated soaking seeds for 4-5 times, but the concentration must not be too high, so as to avoid excessive growth of seedlings. Cold bed, greenhouse or plastic greenhouse can be used when sprouting, the ground is covered with clean wet sand (it is appropriate to knead into a ball by hand and loose by hand), the thickness is about 10 cm and the bed width is 1 meter. After the seed potato pieces are washed and dried, spread evenly on the seedling bed (without overlap), the bud eyes are facing up, then cover the potato pieces with sand, place 2-3 layers according to this, and finally pat the bed surface tightly. During the budding period, thin film can be used to keep the temperature at 25-28 ℃ to keep the sand moist and the surface sand not whitening. The bud can be transplanted when it is 1-2 cm long.

It is generally planted in wide and narrow rows, with large row spacing of 80 cm, small row spacing of 35-45 cm, hole spacing of 18-20 cm, sowing depth of 7-9 cm, and 5000-6000 plants per mu. The soil must be kept moist when transplanting. Single film or plastic film plus small arch film "double film" can be used to cover cultivation, and the rate of large and medium potato can be increased by 10%, 30%, and can be put on the market 10-20 days earlier.

The seedlings are usually not watered before emergence. If the soil is hardened after rain, it should be loosened and aerated in time. After the full seedling, the fertilizer was applied to promote the plant, and the water was irrigated with 5 kg urea per mu or with mature human feces and urine. The growth stage is combined with shallow cultivation of soil, and the expansion period of potato is combined with clearing ditch and cultivating soil with middle tillage. In particular, Feurita varieties should be covered with straw to prevent green heads. At the same time, prevent stagnant water in the field, otherwise the tuber is easy to rot.

If the spring potato is applied too much nitrogen fertilizer, it is easy to grow. In the budding stage, 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder was used to spray 45 kg of water to control the overgrowth of the aboveground parts and help to produce more tuber lumps. At full bloom, 0.2% Mu was sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (50 kg) to promote the expansion of potato lumps.

The main disease of potato is late blight, which occurs seriously when Rain Water is too much or before and after flowering, so it should be sprayed with 25% Ruidu or metalaxyl as soon as possible. The main pests are aphids, grubs and so on. At the initial stage of aphid occurrence, 2.5% deltamethrin was sprayed 2500 times with water, and the effect was better. To control grubs, 90% crystal trichlorfon can be dissolved with 0.5 kg of water, then sprayed on 35 kg fine soil, mixed well, poisonous soil, sprinkled in the ditch. Spring potatoes can be harvested in the later stage of expansion around the first ten days of May.