Causes of low yield of potatoes and countermeasures

Potato (scientific name: Solanum tuberosum), a perennial herb of Solanaceae with edible tubers, is the third most important food crop in the world, second only to wheat and corn. Potatoes, also known as ground eggs, potatoes, potato, etc., are tubers of Solanaceae. Together with wheat, corn, rice and sorghum, it has become the world's top five crops.

The morphological characteristics of potatoes are herbaceous, underground stems blocky, oblate or 15-80 cm tall, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The stem is divided into two parts: the above ground stem and the underground stem. Oblong, about 3-10 cm in diameter, the skin is white, reddish or purple. The color of potato skin is white, yellow, pink, red, purple and black, and the meat of potato is white, yellowish, yellow, black, cyan, purple and dark purple. Plants grown from seeds form slender taproots and branched lateral roots, while plants propagated from tubers have no taproot but only whisker roots. The aboveground stem is rhomboid and hairy. The primary leaf is simple, entire. With the growth of the plant, odd and unequal pinnately compound leaves were gradually formed. Leaflets often alternate in size, 10-20 cm long; petiole about 2.5-5 cm long

Leaflets, 6-8 pairs, ovate to oblong, maximum up to 6 cm long and 3.2 cm wide, smallest less than 1 cm long and width less than 1 cm, apex acute, base slightly unequal, entire, both surfaces white sparsely pilose, lateral veins 6-7 on each side, apex slightly curved, petiolule ca. 1-8 mm. Corymbose terminal, posterior lateral, flowers white or blue-purple; calyx campanulate, ca. 1 cm in diam., outside sparsely pilose, 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, apex long acuminate; Corolla radiate, ca. 2.5-3 cm in diameter, Corolla tube concealed in calyx, ca. 2 mm long, limb ca. 1.5 cm long, lobes 5, triangular, ca. 5 mm long; stamens ca. 6 mm, anthers 5 times as long as filament length Ovary ovoid, glabrous, style ca. 8 mm, stigma capitate. Potatoes globose, smooth, green or purplish brown, about 1.5 cm in diameter. Seeds reniform, yellow. Flowering in summer.

Causes of low yield of potatoes and countermeasures

With the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure, the planting area of potatoes is gradually expanding. However, for the potatoes planted by some farmers, the above ground is very good, but the underground part is small and small, the yield is low, and the benefit is poor. In order to obtain high yield and better economic benefits, it is necessary to carry out scientific management according to the growth law of potatoes.

First, the reasons for low production:

The main results are as follows: 1. The wrong variety selection is to select the variety with too long growth period, because the optimum temperature for potato tuber formation is 16 ℃ ~ 18 ℃. When the air temperature rises above 25 ℃, the tuber stops growing, but the aboveground stem and leaf grows vigorously. When the temperature rose above 29 ℃, the growth of aboveground stems and leaves was blocked, even withered, so the tuber was small and the yield was low. The second is poor disease resistance of varieties and seed disease. Most farmers keep their own seeds without isolation and anti-virus measures. after sowing, the virus disease is more serious, affecting the normal development of potatoes.

2. The sowing time is late. Generally, spring sowing is in the first and middle of April, and the period from sowing to the formation of tuber is about 60-70 days, which is from late June to early July. The temperature is high and the formation of tuber expands, so the yield is low.

3. Some agricultural products with unreasonable crop rotation are planted year after year, resulting in the accumulation of soil bacteria and serious diseases. The imbalance of soil nutrients, especially the lack of trace elements, leads to the weak growth and low yield of potatoes.

4. Extensive management is mainly due to insufficient supply of water and fertilizer or excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, resulting in aboveground growth and nutrient consumption. The soil was not cultivated in time, the soil was hardened, and the expansion of potato blocks was blocked. The harm of diseases and insect pests is serious.

II. Measures to increase output

1. The varieties with high yield, disease resistance and high quality should be selected according to the local climatic characteristics, especially the growth period of the variety. It is best to choose virus-free potato seeds for sowing.

2. Reasonable stubble potato is not suitable for continuous cropping, nor for rotation with eggplant, pepper, tomato, tobacco, etc., nor with sweet potato, carrot, sugar beet and other root crops. The rotation period is at least more than four years. In the vegetable area, it can be rotated with onions, garlic, celery and other non-eggplant vegetables, as well as with cereals, legumes, cotton and other crops to reduce the occurrence of diseases.

3. Determining the suitable sowing time and choosing the suitable sowing date is the key to the success and high yield of planting potatoes. Potato is a cool crop, and the temperature during the forming period of potato cubes should not exceed 25 ℃. According to the air temperature, the most suitable sowing time in the Huang-Huai River Basin is from late February to early March, before sowing and harvesting in early June. The temperature in May is about 18 ℃ ~ 23 ℃, which is very beneficial to the expansion of potato lumps and can obtain high yield.

4. Strengthen the field management

The first is to re-apply base fertilizer to improve soil fertility. Due to the short growth period of potatoes, the base fertilizer should be fully applied at one time. Generally, the mature organic fertilizer is 3000kg / mu and 4000 kg / mu. The application method can be combined with 70% of soil preparation, and the remaining 30% is used as seed fertilizer, using hole application or furrow application.

The second is to prevent late frost injury. Late frost often occurs in the seedling stage, resulting in the phenomenon of freezing injury and death of seedlings. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the protection at the seedling stage and adopt the method of mulching or smoking to avoid the damage of late frost.

Third, in the period of tuber formation and expansion, the soil should be cultivated frequently and cultivated step by step to promote root growth and stolon formation, increase the number of tubers and ensure the healthy growth of plants.

Fourth, remove the buds, when the potato buds are formed and the inflorescences are extracted, the buds should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption and be conducive to nutrient accumulation.

The fifth is extra-root topdressing. If the fertilizer is removed in the later stage, 0.1% magnesium sulfate solution and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be sprayed on the leaf, and the fertilizer solution is 40kg / mu.

5. prevention and control of diseases and insect pests potatoes must put the prevention and control of virus diseases in the first place from sowing to harvest, give priority to agricultural control measures, and control aphids in time to reduce transmission. At the same time, 70% methyl topiramate wettable powder can be used to control diseases such as late blight and ring rot.