Standardized cultivation and management techniques of root mustard

Mustard (Brassica juncea) is an annual or biennial herb of Brassica in Cruciferae. It is a famous vegetable native to China. It is a commonly used vegetable cultivated all over the country, mostly distributed in the provinces south of the Yangtze River. The main and lateral roots of mustard are distributed in a soil layer of about 30 cm. The stem is a short shrinking stem, and the leaves are in the shape of oval, oval, obovoid, lanceolate, etc., with green, dark green, light green, yellow-green, green lines or purplish red. It is rarely cultivated in Europe and the United States and originated in Asia. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica records the medical value of medical mustard.

Mustard like cold, cool and moist, avoid heat, drought, slightly resistant to frost. The average temperature suitable for seed germination was 25 ℃. The average temperature for leaf growth of mustard is 15 ℃, and the temperature for edible organ growth is 8-15 ℃. But stem mustard and heart mustard require lower temperature for the formation of edible organs, and leaf mustard generally requires less temperature.

Mustard also has a high nutritional value in eating. If you put a little mustard in the salad, it will have some spicy taste. You should avoid using too much because of its rough texture and strong taste. To remove some of the flavor, blanch it with boiling water before cooking. Mustard can be paired with barley, black rice, buckwheat, potatoes and beans, and tastes good with sauce and bread paste. Mustard can be cooked by steaming, boiling or stir-frying. After pickling, mustard tastes delicious and can increase appetite and promote gastrointestinal digestion. Adding mustard to the soup can make the dish slightly spicy. Mustard bumps contain food fiber, which can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis. In addition, mustard is a good dietary therapy for ophthalmic patients.

Standardized cultivation and management techniques of root mustard

I) cultivation season

Root mustard is sown in autumn regardless of north and south. The autumn sowing is earlier in the areas with faster cooling in autumn and severe cold in winter, and later in the areas with slower cooling and less cold in winter. From North China to the Yangtze River basin and the south of the Yangtze River, the sowing date can be from August 5 to September 5, and early sowing is easy to bolting in advance; too late sowing affects yield and quality because of insufficient vegetative growth in the early stage, and the harvest in the colder area has been frozen. The growing season in northeast and other alpine regions is too short and there are many rows of spring sowing.

2) sowing seedling root mustard can be direct seeded, and seedling cultivation is dominant in the Yangtze River basin. The fleshy root of direct seeder has fewer branches and neat shape, while the transplanter has more branches, but it is more convenient for centralized management and can make full use of land. In order to reduce the branches of fleshy roots, the methods of soil and early transplanting can be used. During the direct broadcast, when the soil is dry, dig a hole 2 cm deep to sow, cover the soil and irrigate after sowing. When the soil is wet, do not dig holes, sow according to the distance between rows and plants, and rake the seeds into the soil after sowing. The sowing rate is about 1500 grams per hectare. The seeds of root mustard are small, and the soil cover should not be too deep. Seedlings from the direct seeding room can also be transplanted to Honda. The nursery bed should choose loam with good water conservation and fertilizer conservation, plough 20 cm deep before sowing, apply 37500 kg of organic fertilizer, 600kg of calcium superphosphate and 3000 kg of plant ash as base fertilizer before sowing, and make a high border with 130cm wide and 15cm high before sowing. Sowing seeds of 4.5-6 kg per hectare can be planted for 15 hectares of Honda. After sowing, cover with sifted compost to the extent that there are no seeds, then water it, and cover straw to prevent heavy rain and drought. Remove the mulch in time after emergence. When the true leaves are 2-3 pieces and 3-4 pieces, the seedlings should be separated from each other once, and the seedlings with fine and weak seedlings and the inferior seedlings with diseased insects should be removed. After the seedlings, thin liquid fertilizer was applied to control aphids for 3 times. The cultivation of robust, disease-free and compact seedlings is the basis of high yield and high quality.

3) soil preparation and planting root mustard are not strict to the soil, but it is better to use the clay loam which is rich in organic matter to conserve water and fertilizer. Although root mustard likes the humid environment, it is cultivated on the soil with high groundwater level, the fleshy root grows poorly, the water content is high, and the processing quality is poor, so the plot with good drainage and ventilation should be selected. Before planting, the cultivated land is 20-30 cm deep, 1.5-2 m wide and 15 cm high. According to the degree of development of the variety, the row spacing is 37-47 cm, the plant spacing is 33-40 cm, generally planting 45000-52500 plants per hectare. If the planting is too dense, the fleshy root is not suitable for processing if it is less than 250 grams. The seedlings were about 30 days old and about 5 true leaves were planted, and slightly inflated fleshy roots could be seen at that time. Watering before planting, in order to take the soil to take seedlings, planting, the seedling straight root perpendicular to the center of the planting hole, burying the soil should not exceed the shortened stem, so that the root is not distorted, not damaged, the future fleshy root can grow neatly, less branched root. Root mustard requires plenty of fertilizer. Because the fleshy root is the main product, fertilization should not only benefit the growth of leaves and roots, but also cooperate with the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Base fertilizer per hectare compost 37500 kg, calcium superphosphate 600kg, plant ash 3000 kg or potassium chloride 300kg.

(4) the topdressing of root mustard in field management is carried out according to the principle of light, heavy and light. For the first time, 15000 kg of thin animal manure and 75 kg of urea were applied per hectare after survival or direct seeding to promote the formation of strong leaf clusters. For the second time, when the leaves and fleshy roots grew rapidly, the thicker animal dung water was 15000 kg plus urea 225kg, and the fertilization time was about the end of October. The third time to see the seedling growth is appropriate to apply thicker animal dung, if the growth is very prosperous, can no longer apply fertilizer. Share 4000-5000 kg of animal manure for 3 times. Topdressing was applied one month before harvest. The budding, bolting and flowering of root mustard have no strict requirements for low temperature, and early bolting often occurs before the year. Especially early-maturing varieties are prone to early bolting, which affects the yield and quality of fleshy roots, so we should pick the heart as soon as possible, erase the flower bud or cut the flower stem near the base with a sharp knife, and the incision is slightly inclined to prevent stagnant water from rotting. If the heart is picked too late, it will affect the quality of processed products.

5) harvesting root mustard in areas with heavy frost in winter, you cannot overwinter in the open field, but must be harvested before the frost. In North China, it is cold in winter, sowing early in autumn, and the total growth period is relatively short, usually only about 90 days, which should be harvested from late October to early and middle November. In warmer areas such as Yunnan and Sichuan, the growth period of early-maturing varieties is about 120 days, that of middle-maturing varieties is about 130 days, and that of late-maturing varieties is about 140-150 days. Generally speaking, the suitable harvest time is from late December to early and middle January.

The sign of maturity is that the basal leaves are orange, the root head changes from green to yellow, and lateral branches or buds appear between the axils of the leaves, which should be harvested in time. After harvest, the epidermis thickens, the fiber increases, bolting or hollow, which affects the processing quality. After digging up the fleshy root, cut off the lateral root, cut off all the leaves according to the processing needs, or leave a few green leaves, and then deal with them according to the processing needs. The average yield is about 30000 kilograms per hectare.

Supplement: fertilization technology of root mustard

1. The application of basic fertilizer root mustard likes land rich in organic matter, so you must apply a sufficient amount of organic fertilizer before soil preparation, generally using farm manure or pile-up of municipal waste, and then add plant ash and calcium superphosphate. Specific amount, depending on soil fertility, generally every 667 square meters with farm manure 3500-4000 kg, plant ash 150 kg, superphosphate 25 kg, scattered all over the ground, and then ploughed into the soil, ploughing depth up to 40-50 cm, rake flat to make the border. 2. The application of topdressing during the growth and development of direct seeding root mustard, topdressing 5 times according to the specific conditions. When the cotyledons of the seedlings were spread out, the first topdressing was carried out and 500kg of dilute feces and urine with a manure-water ratio of 1:7 was applied. After the first seedling intercropping, the second fertilizer was applied when weeding in the middle tillage, and 800kg was applied with feces and urine water at the ratio of 1:5 per 667m2. After the seedling is fixed, the plant grows rapidly and needs sufficient fertilizer and water, and the third topdressing can be carried out, applying ammonium sulfate 1015kg per 667 square meters. After entering the rosette stage, in order to promote the expansion of fleshy roots, the fourth fertilizer can be used for every 667 square meters with 10 kg of urea and 4 kg of potassium sulfate. When entering the peak period of fleshy root expansion, adding the fifth fertilizer can accelerate the expansion of fleshy root and increase the yield. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is applied 1520 kg per 667 square meters. Topdressing should be applied early and combined with phosphorus and potash fertilizer. if topdressing is too late and too much nitrogen, it will make the aboveground grow too much and affect the expansion of fleshy roots. 3. The application of foliar fertilizer requires more boron during the growth of root mustard, and 0.1%-0.25% borax or boric acid can be sprayed on the leaf when entering the seedling stage. 0.02% ammonium molybdate aqueous solution can be sprayed at the early growth stage, and 2% calcium superphosphate is sprayed once a week after shoulder exposure, which has a significant yield-increasing effect.