Scientific fertilization technology of cauliflower

Day lily (scientific name: Hemerocallis citrina Baroni), also known as golden needles, lemon day lilies, belongs to Liliaceae, Liliaceae perennial herbs, roots nearly fleshy, the middle and lower parts often have fusiform expansion. Scape varies in length, pedicel short, many flowers, perianth yellowish, orange, black-purple; capsule obtusely trigonous-elliptic, flowering and fruiting from May to September. It has the effects of hemostasis, anti-inflammation, heat-clearing and dampness, and is rich in pollen, sugar, protein, vitamin C, calcium, fat, carotene, amino acids and other essential nutrients. Mainly distributed in China.

Growth habits of cauliflower

Cauliflower is barren, drought-tolerant, lax on soil, and can be cultivated either geographically or on hillsides. It can adapt to a wide range of light and can be intercropped with taller crops. The aboveground part of cauliflower was not resistant to cold, and the underground part was resistant to-10 ℃ low temperature. Avoid wet soil or stagnant water. The seedlings began to be unearthed when the average temperature was more than 5 ℃, the optimum temperature for leaf growth was 15 ℃ ~ 20 ℃, and the higher temperature was required at flowering stage, and 20 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ was suitable.

Distribution of cauliflower

It is cultivated in the south of Qinling Mountains, Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Jilin, Guangdong and Inner Mongolia grasslands. Qu County, Sichuan Province is known as "the hometown of Huanghua in China". Shaodong County and Qidong County are named as "the origin of cauliflower". The cauliflower produced in Qingyang, Gansu Province is of good quality and is sold overseas.

Scientific fertilization technology of cauliflower

1. The fertilization of cauliflower during planting is a perennial crop, which needs to be renewed and replanted for a certain number of years after planting, so it is very important to apply sufficient base fertilizer before planting. If the basal fertilizer is insufficient when planting cauliflower, it will make it put into production later and the yield will be low. Some high-yield experiences are that before cauliflower planting, planting ditches 30 cm deep, applying 1000-1500 kg of rotten pig and cow manure per 667m2, 2000-3000 kg of high-quality pond mud, field mud or compost, and more than 50 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer should be applied into the planting ditch in layers, and then lay the original surface mature soil. During planting, 1500-2000 kg of high-quality fertilizer ash should be applied lightly every 667m2. Then use 100,200kg of human feces and urine (need to dilute the water), or 750kg of pig urine, or 1000 kg of pig urine, as pressure fertilizer. In this way, there are fertilizers in the upper, middle and lower layers, and after the cauliflower is alive, it can ensure the continuous supply of fertilizer nutrients and lay a good foundation for high and stable yield.

two。 According to the different growth and development stages of cauliflower, fertilization in harvest period requires sufficient winter fertilizer, early seedling fertilizer, heavy bolting fertilizer and bud fertilizer.

1) winter fertilizer. Winter fertilizer is the most important time in the growing period of cauliflower, which has a great impact on the yield of cauliflower in the coming year. The time of applying winter fertilizer should be when the growth of cauliflower stopped on the ground and withered after frost. Winter fertilizer requires mainly organic fertilizer, the amount of which should be more. The amount of winter fertilizer should be determined according to the fertility of the soil and the type of fertilizer. Generally, 1500-2000 kg of rotten pig and cow manure is applied every 667m2, or more than 1000 kg of human feces and urine, or 40-60 kg of cake fertilizer, or 2000-2500 kg of high-quality compost, and appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer. If the conditions are good, a variety of fertilizers can be mixed, such as human manure and urine, pig and cow manure and so on. The method of fertilization can be between clumps, or between rows, 10 cm from the plants, 15-20 cm wide and 15 cm deep (if there is a lot of fertilizer, the application hole should be deepened and relaxed), and the fertilizer can be applied deeply and covered with soil to improve the fertilizer efficiency.

2) spring seedling fertilizer. After the emergence of cauliflower in mid-February, the stage before bolting is the seedling stage. The nutrition supplied at this time is mainly used for emergence and long leaves, promoting the early growth and rapid development of leaves, making the leaves grow healthily and having a strong assimilation area, which lays a material foundation for the quantity and quality of flower stalk and bud differentiation. The application of spring seedling fertilizer is early and should be carried out at the beginning of budding. Because the spring seedling period of cauliflower is short, generally only 40-50 days, too late application not only can not play the role of early budding, but also because of late fertilization, leaves occur later. At the same time, when the leaves continue for a long time, and the late leaves are still tender, leaf spot disease has begun to flourish and is easy to be infected. If the seedling fertilizer is applied early, the leaf tissue of the plant has been fully developed and the stratum corneum is thick, which can enhance the disease tolerance. Spring seedling fertilizer can generally be applied with rapidly available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the amount should be determined according to the amount of winter fertilizer and soil fertility. Generally every 667 square meters of human feces and urine 100-200 kg, or calcium superphosphate 10 kg, with potassium sulfate or potassium chloride 5-10 kg.

3) after the vigorous vegetative growth stage, the cauliflower entered the flower bolting differentiation stage, that is, from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. At this time, on the one hand, bolting and budding should be rapid, and on the other hand, the leaves are still growing. Therefore, the period from bolting to bolting and budding is the stage that cauliflower needs the most fertilizer in its life. If the nutrition supply is sufficient, it can make the flower bolting stout, the bolting neatly, the bud hypertrophy, the bud formation rate high, and can enhance the bud germination ability and prolong the picking period; on the contrary, the flower bud is short and thin, uneven, the bud germination ability is weak, the bud rate is low, the bud is short and thin, and the yield is low. According to the law of growth and development of cauliflower, in order to give full play to the effect of fertilizer, fertilizer should be applied once at the beginning of differentiation and bolting, mainly quick-acting chemical fertilizer, as well as human feces, urine and cake fertilizer. For the first time, it is best to apply human feces and cake fertilizer after mixed fermentation to promote the development of flower bolts and buds. If this kind of fertilizer is scarce, chemical fertilizer can be applied twice. In terms of dosage, the amount of bolting fertilizer should be more than that of seedling fertilizer. The total amount of fertilizer used twice per 667 square meters: 12.5-15 kg of urea, 10-15 kg of calcium superphosphate, 10-12.5 kg of potassium sulfate or potassium chloride. Among them, the first dosage should be slightly less than that of the second time, this is because the flower began to differentiate at the first fertilization, and more than half of the leaves did not grow. If the application rate is too heavy, it may promote vegetative growth and thus inhibit reproductive growth. And make the leaves grow tender, tissue loose, vulnerable to the threat of disease. At the time of the second fertilization, cauliflower is entering the peak period of reproductive growth, which requires a large amount of fertilizer, the vegetative growth is in a subordinate position, the leaf age index has reached 100%, and the leaf tissue is abundant, so it can be reapplied.

4) Lei fat. Bud fertilizer is a supplementary measure, which plays a certain role in increasing production. Cauliflower has the characteristics of continuous picking and germination, picking for a long time, the whole picking period, need to consume a lot of nutrition. The purpose of bud fertilizer is to supplement the nutrition of cauliflower, prevent early senescence and keep the leaves green, so as to promote buds and strengthen buds, improve the rate of bud formation, prolong the picking period, and increase the yield of cauliflower. Generally speaking, it is better to apply Lai fertilizer 10 days after the beginning of picking, that is, before entering the peak harvest period. Every 667 square meters, 5-12.5 kg of urea was applied to the rhizosphere with water. In addition, multiple extra-root fertilization and spraying plant hormones can be carried out during the whole bud picking period. That is, 0.5% Mel 1% urea, 2% SSP (after leaching and filtration), 0.2% Mel 0.3% potassium chloride mixture, or 0.1% KH 2PO 4. In the above fertilizer solution, 15-20 mg / L gibberellin is added and sprayed after 5 p.m., which is very good for strengthening buds and preventing budding.