The latest scientific and high-yield cultivation techniques of Auricularia auricula

With the improvement of people's living standards, Auricularia auricula has become a favorite edible fungus for consumers. Auricularia auricula is delicate, smooth, crisp and nutritious, and has high edible and medicinal value. Its protein content is second only to meat, eggs, fish and beans, and higher than any other vegetable. Therefore, Auricularia auricula is often compared to the nutritious food of "meat in vegetarian". Next, Professor Wang Lian of the School of Life Sciences of Hebei normal University will introduce the artificial high-yield cultivation techniques of Auricularia auricula in detail.

The main technical mode of artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula: using broad-leaved tree sawdust or cottonseed shell as raw materials, using clinker bag planting mode. In this model, the strain can be solid or liquid, and the ear can be carried out by shade shed, open field bag, layer frame bag or hanging bag and so on.

Nutrients needed for normal growth of Auricularia auricula

The nutrients needed in the growth process are mainly carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing organic compounds, but also need a small amount of inorganic salts. Artificial cultivation generally uses broad-leaved tree sawdust, cottonseed hull, corncob, bagasse and so on as the main materials. The nitrogen-containing substances that can be used by Auricularia auricula are protein, amino acid, urea and so on. Wheat bran and cake fertilizer are generally added as nitrogen source.

Inorganic salts are mainly calcium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, magnesium and so on. They are important components of proteins and enzymes in Auricularia auricula. General sawdust can be provided, cultivation can be protected by adding gypsum, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and so on.

Temperature requirements of Auricularia auricula

Auricularia auricula is a medium-temperature fungus, it has the characteristics of cold resistance and fear of heat, so the black fungus in the south is not as black, big and thick as the north.

The mycelium of Auricularia auricula can grow and develop between 5 and 35 ℃, but the most suitable one is between 22 and 28 ℃. Although the growth rate is faster than 28 ℃, the mycelium is slender and easy to age, and the growth below 10 ℃ is inhibited, but it will not freeze to death at-30 ℃.

The fruiting bodies of Auricularia auricula can form and grow between 15 and 30 ℃, but the ear slices growing between 22 and 25 ℃ are large, thick and of good quality. The flesh of Auricularia auricula grown above 28 ℃ was thinner, yellowish in color and poor in quality. Although the Auricularia auricula growing between 15 and 20 ℃ has thick meat, black color and good quality, it grows slowly and the production cycle is long, which affects the yield. It is not easy to form fruiting bodies when the concentration is lower than 15 ℃.

Humidity requirements of Auricularia auricula

The humidity requirements of Auricularia auricula are shown in two aspects:

One is the water content of the culture material. The water content of the culture material is required to be 60% 65% in the germicidal stage, and the optimum water content in the culture material in the fruiting body formation stage is 70% 75%.

Second, the relative humidity of the air, the relative humidity of the air of the bacteria room in the germ stage is about 70%; the relative humidity of the air in the ear stage is 85% and 95%. Because the ear piece of Auricularia auricula is gelatinous, it is easy to absorb the water expansion in the air, so it can grow and develop only after absorbing water expansion. When the air relative humidity is less than 80%, the ear piece grows slowly; when the air relative humidity is less than 70%, the ear piece is not easy to form. However, if the air relative humidity is more than 95%, it is also disadvantageous to the growth and development of ear slices, and is prone to diseases.

Light requirements of Auricularia auricula

Auricularia auricula belongs to light-loving fungi, but the growth of mycelium does not need light, and the light intensity inhibits the growth of mycelium. Light is needed when the fruiting body of Auricularia auricula is formed. Auricularia auricula is not easy to form fruiting body in completely dark environment; lack of light, fruiting body deformity. Ear buds can grow strong ears only in a certain amount of direct sunlight. The thickness of auricularia auricula grown after direct light. There is no direct light in the ear field, the auricularia auricula is thin, light in color, inelastic, and has a weak feeling. Therefore, Auricularia auricula is one of the most light-loving species of artificially cultivated edible fungi. However, it should be noted that although Auricularia auricula has a strong tolerance to direct light, it must be given appropriate humidity at the same time, otherwise it will shrink, dry, stop growing and affect the yield.

Requirements of ventilation and pH in the cultivation of Auricularia auricula

Auricularia auricula is a kind of aerobic fungus, which requires good ventilation in the stage of fungus and ejaculation to ensure adequate oxygen and excretion of CO2. If the bacterial stage is poorly ventilated, the bacterial bag is very easy to cause mold pollution; when the fruiting body is poorly ventilated, when the concentration of carbon dioxide is high, the primordium is not easy to differentiate, the ear piece can not stretch normally, and the development is inhibited. Therefore, in the process of cultivation of Auricularia auricula, it is necessary to keep the air circulation in the fungus room or ear field to ensure the growth and development of Auricularia auricula.

Auricularia auricula is suitable to live in a slightly acidic environment, and the best pH value of culture material is 5.5-6.5. When mixing, the pH value of the culture material can be adjusted to the range of 7-8 with quicklime, and the required pH can be reached after sterilization.

Commonly used formula for artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula

(1) 78% of broad-leaf tree sawdust, 20% of wheat bran or fine rice bran, 1% of gypsum powder, 1% of white sugar or brown sugar.

(2) 73% corncob meal, 20% cottonseed hull, 5% wheat bran, 1% white sugar or brown sugar, 1% gypsum.

(3) 76% of broad-leaved tree sawdust, 10% of rice bran, 10% of wheat bran, 2% of soybean powder, 1% of white sugar or brown sugar, 1% of gypsum.

(4) 93% cottonseed shell, 5% wheat bran, 1% gypsum, 1% white sugar or 1% brown sugar.

It should be noted that the culture materials should be fresh, dry and mildew-free. Broad-leaved tree species are selected for sawdust; corncobs are best exposed to sunlight for 1-2 days, and then crushed into soybean kernels to the size of corn kernels with a grinder, not crushed into chaff shape, so as not to affect the ventilation of the culture material.

How to arrange the cultivation season of Auricularia auricula

Generally speaking, the normal germination period is 45-50 days, the culture period is 10-15 days, the budding period is 7-10 days, and the ear-collecting period is 45-60 days.

In terms of seasonal arrangement, the high temperature above 30 ℃ and the low temperature below 18 ℃ should be avoided as far as possible. According to the temperature requirements of Auricularia auricula, it can be cultivated in spring and autumn in southern China. In spring cultivation, bag inoculation was made from February to March, mushroom was produced from April to May, and bag inoculation was made from August to September in autumn cultivation, and ears were produced from October to November.

In northern China, it is generally cultivated in spring and summer, bag-making from March to May and ear from May to September. In North China, two batches can be produced in one year. The first batch of cultivation bags were produced in the middle of February, which could be used to stimulate the ear in the middle and last ten days of April, and ended in the first and middle of July. The second batch of bacterial bags produced in the middle and late May can be used to stimulate the ear in the early and middle of August and end in the first ten days of November.

The seed production time of Auricularia auricula should be based on the production time of the cultivation bag, the second species should be about 65 days in advance, and the third species should be 30 days in advance. At the same time, bag-making and vaccination time should be advanced or postponed in different areas.

Technological process and matters needing attention of artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula

Mixed → bagged → sterilized → inoculated with → germ management → budding → ear management → picking → drying.

When mixing ingredients, we should pay attention to the following aspects: first, weigh the ingredients and ingredients strictly according to the requirements of the cultivation formula. Do not add substances with unknown ingredients into the culture material at will. Second, dry mixing first, then wet mixing, strive to be uniform, can be carried out by manual mixing or mixer. Third, the water content in the material is controlled at about 60%, that is, the ratio of dry material to water is 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 3. Before bagging, test the water content by hand: hold the material hard in the palm, there is water between the fingers but not dripping, the material in the palm can form a ball, which is the appropriate water content; if the water drops into a series, it shows that it is too wet. It is generally better to dry than to get wet. Too much water content will not only lead to slow bacteria, but also easy to pollute miscellaneous bacteria. Fourth, the pH value should be appropriate, which can be measured by pH test paper and controlled at about 7. Finally, after the material is mixed, it should be bagged and sterilized in time to prevent the material from rancidity.

Bagging is generally mechanical bagging, a small amount can be bagged by hand. 17cm × 33cm low-pressure polyethylene short bags or 12cm × 45cm long bags are commonly used. Whether mechanical bagging or manual bagging, it must be fast, loose and tight, seal the mouth of the bag, and handle it gently.

Points for attention in sterilization:

Atmospheric pressure sterilization is often used in sterilization. The short bags of 17cm × 33cm are best placed in iron baskets or on the shelves in the steamer; the long bags of 12cm × 45cm are placed horizontally according to length, arranged in overlapping rows of "#", and the row spacing is 3 cm, which is convenient for internal air circulation. Then seal the pot with plastic sheet and quilt, wait for the temperature in the bag to reach 100 ℃, keep for more than 12-16 hours. After sterilization, when the temperature of the bag dropped below 60 ℃, the bag was sent to the inoculation room to cool while it was hot.

Attention should be paid to vaccination:

Inoculation can be carried out when the temperature of the material in the bag drops below 30 ℃.

Vaccination must be aseptic and completed in the inoculation room or inoculation box.

The inoculation procedure of the short bacteria bag is as follows: put the cooled bacteria bag into the aseptic inoculation box; wipe the outer wall of the strain bottle with 75% alcohol and then put it into the inoculation box; in the sterile area where the alcohol lamp is lit, make the mouth of the bottle face the mouth of the bag and spread the bacteria evenly on the surface of the inner material of the bag to form a thin layer, so that the mycelia of Auricularia auricula germinate quickly and occupy the material surface first to inhibit the infection of miscellaneous bacteria. If the tapered plastic plug rod is used when bagging, the plastic plug rod can be pulled out and the strain can be connected to the hole left by the plug rod, so that the bacteria will grow from the inside to the outside and the bacteria will grow faster. Generally speaking, each bottle of bacteria can receive about 30 bags.

The long bacterial bag is inoculated by burrowing inoculation method, that is, in the aseptic inoculation room, a hole with a diameter of 1.2 cm and a depth of 2 cm is made on one side of the bacterial bag, and the bacterial block is quickly connected, and then immediately sealed with adhesive tape, which requires burrowing, inoculation and sealing quickly and accurately.

Technical points of germ management:

After receiving bacteria in the short bacteria bag, the bacteria should be sent on the sterilized culture rack, and the height between each layer of the culture rack is about 35cm. At the initial stage of culture, the bag should be placed upright and neatly, and there should be a proper distance between the bags. after the mycelium extends into the culture material, the bottom of the bag can be placed opposite to each other with the mouth facing outward, lying in 2 rows and stacked up and down for 4 rows. In the culture room without culture rack, the bacterial bag can be placed into a bacterial wall to send bacteria, generally 6-8 layers, and there is a sidewalk between the bacterial wall. When the long bacteria bag sends bacteria, the culture bag will be placed in the shape of "#", which is about 10 layers high. In the initial stage, there should be a proper distance between each of the four bacterial bags, which can be changed to three layers or two layers with the increase of temperature.

In the early stage of inoculation, that is, within 15 days after inoculation, the temperature in the culture room should be kept at 20 ℃ ~ 22 ℃, so that the newly inoculated hyphae could slowly restore their growth, be stout and have vitality, and reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. In the middle stage of inoculation, that is, 15 days after inoculation, the mycelium growth of Auricularia auricula was dominant, and the temperature was raised to about 25 ℃. In the later stage, when the mycelium was almost full, that is, within 10 days of the end of the culture, and then dropped the temperature to 18 ℃ ~ 22 ℃, the hyphae grew healthily at lower temperature and the nutrients were decomposed and absorbed fully. In this way, the bacterial bag has the advantages of early ear emergence, fast differentiation, strong disease resistance and high yield.

During the germicidal period, the temperature in the bag must always be controlled below 32 ℃, and the second and lowest layers above the temperature measurement shall prevail. The relative humidity of the air in the culture room is generally kept between 55% and 65%. Auricularia auricula does not need light in the mycelium culture stage, and the windows and vents of the culture room should be shaded to make the indoor light close to darkness. The training room should be ventilated for 20-30 minutes every day. Ensure that there is enough oxygen to maintain the normal metabolism of Auricularia auricula mycelium. In the later stage, it is necessary to increase the ventilation time and times to keep the indoor air fresh.

Matters needing attention in germ culture

(1) the culture room must be hygienic and dry, and the air humidity shall not be more than 70%. (2) the culture room should be disinfected before entering the bag. Can use aerosol disinfection box for sterilization treatment, while spraying carbendazim or pyrethroid insecticides for sterilization and disinfestation, it is best to sprinkle a layer of quicklime on the ground, and more at the door. (3) the culture room should be protected from light. (4) the bacteria should be checked regularly. Uninfected and uncontaminated bacterial bags can be replaced with bacteria; local injection of carbendazim or lime water can be used to control continued infection of local contaminated bacterial bags; serious infected bacterial bags should be removed in time, and the cleared bacterial bags can be sterilized by re-sterilization to prevent the spread of miscellaneous bacteria.

How to make a bed for a good bag of bacteria

The auricularia auricula can be carried out by means of shade shed, open field bag, layer rack bag or hanging bag and so on. Shade sheds are generally used in the south. The way of placing bags in the open field is mostly used in the north. To adopt the latter, you must first make a bed for the bacterial bag. Choose flat terrain, close to water source, good drainage, open space in front and back of the house to make bacterial bed. Try to avoid the tuyere and stay away from the farm. Clean up the rubbish around the bacterial bed. The bacterial bed is 5cm high, 90cm wide and unlimited in length. There is a drain between the bed and the bed. After the bed is done, the bed surface is poured with heavy water, and then sprayed with carbendazim or pyrethroid insecticides for sterilization and disinfestation.

Technical points of budding management

The cultivated bacterial bags are transported to the bed site, and the bacterial bags infected with miscellaneous bacteria should be placed separately and finally opened. Handle it gently when transporting it.

Disinfect the whole bacterial bag with 1% quicklime water or 0.1% potassium permanganate solution, then remove it and control it to dry. Type a V-shaped mouth on the surface of the bag with a punching machine. V-shaped mouth slash length 1.5cm, depth 0.5cm. There are about 20 mouths of short bacterial bags and 40 mouths of long bacterial bags.

After tapping, the bacterial bag is placed upright on the bacterial bed to promote germination. Leave the 3cm distance between the bag and the bag, do not cover the ground with plastic film when discharge, if the ground is dry, you need to spray some bottom water; if the ground is relatively wet, you can put the bag directly. After the discharge, cover the plastic film, cover the film with grass curtain, and then enter the budding stage management.

Technical points for the Management of the differentiation period of Fruit entities

The differentiation period of the fruiting body of Auricularia auricula refers to the period when the base of the ear forms a coral and grows until the peach stone is large, and the small ear pieces begin to stretch out above it. After coming out of the ear base, the ear base is exposed in the air, and the relative humidity in the air is not less than 90%, keeping the surface of the fungus primordium not dry. If the humidity is not enough, the ear base is prone to water loss and ossification, affecting the differentiation of ear slices. In order to maintain humidity, spray water on the bacterial bag, in order to make the ear piece moist, should try to reduce the direct spray water on the ear piece, so as not to cause ear rot and ear slip. Ventilation is carried out every evening until the ear buds grow to about 1 cm and start separate bed management.

Before dividing the bed, a layer of plastic film should be laid on the ground, the bacterial bag should be placed gently and upright, and the long bacterial bag should be cut from the middle, 20 bags per square meter, separated by 10cm, so as to avoid agaric growth and adhesion and affect air circulation.

Key points of management techniques in the growing period of fruiting bodies

When the ear piece is expanded to about 1 cm, it will enter the fruiting body growth period. During this period, it is necessary to increase the air relative humidity between 90% and 95%, and strengthen ventilation. During this period, sprinkler management is the most critical link. Clear and pollution-free river or well water should be used; special sprinkler facilities such as micro-sprinkler head should be used for sprinkler irrigation. Generally speaking, two watering methods are used from 5: 00 a.m. to 7: 00 a.m. and from 5: 00 p.m. to 7: 00 p.m. The water management of Auricularia auricula should pay attention to the management skills of "alternating between dry and wet, dry and wet, wet and wet". In the process of management, make the edge of the ear piece always keep the inner coil, control the ear piece to increase and make it thicker. When the ear base is contaminated, it can be washed directly with clean water. Stop spraying water when the temperature is higher than 25 ℃.

Notes on picking and drying Auricularia auricula

When the white spores appear behind the ear piece, it should be harvested in time when it reaches medium well. Stop spraying water 1-2 days before harvest. If you wait for the ear piece to stretch or roll up before picking, it will affect the quality and yield. Cut it off at the base of the ear with a blade during harvest and try not to bring culture material to keep the ear piece clean. Do not hold the earpiece with your hand and twist it off directly.

When drying the ear, the ear piece should be on the top, the ear base on the bottom, and the ear piece should be torn apart into a single piece when the big flower is drying. When basking your ears, you should use reticular support and ventilate up and down. Do not turn it as much as possible in the middle of drying, and dry it all at once.