Preparation method of culture medium in mushroom planting process

I think everyone has eaten mushrooms. In the earliest days, if you want to eat mushrooms, many people go to the mountains to pick them, but the resources of wild mushrooms are limited, and the mountains are not very safe, so the market for growing mushrooms is favored by many people.

Preparation method of Culture material in the process of Mushroom planting

Culture material is the material basis of mushroom growth and development, and its quality is directly related to the success or failure and quality of mushroom cultivation. Therefore, the preparation of culture material is a very important link in the process of mushroom cultivation.

The main results are as follows: 1. there are three kinds of culture materials for mushrooms: dung grass culture material, synthetic culture material and semi-synthetic culture material. The most commonly used is dung grass culture material. The basic raw materials are as follows:

① straw straw and wheat straw are the main raw materials for cultivating mushrooms. In addition, corn stalk, bagasse, rape hulls and stalks of legume crops can be used as raw materials for stacking culture materials, but they should be dry and mildew-free, and those that have gone bad can not be used. Waxy rice straw and hybrid rice straw were the best rice straw, followed by late rice straw of conventional rice and poor quality of early rice straw. Barley stalk and straw are nutritious and easy to mature. Wheat stalk and bagasse are hard, not easy to rot, but have good ventilation. The quality of the mixed culture material of rice straw and wheat straw is usually better than that of single forage. When straw and wheat straw are mixed, wheat straw and manure should be first piled up for a week, and then straw should be piled.

② manure is mainly horse, cow, pig feces and human feces and urine. Horse dung is rich in organic matter, loose texture, full of elasticity, good heat preservation and water retention. It has the advantages of fast efficiency, high temperature and good maturity, so it is a good material for cultivating mushrooms, but there are not many sources. At present, pig and cow dung with abundant sources are widely used. Pig manure is cold, nitrogen content is high, cow manure is hot, nitrogen content is low, the mixed use of the two can make up for each other, so that the culture material is sufficient and the fertilizer effect is long. Cow dung sticky, wet dung heap, the formation of dung blocks, not easy to break up, so it is appropriate to dry and smash after use. At present, due to the continuous expansion of mushroom cultivation area, pig and cow dung is also in short supply, human feces and urine to replace part of pig and cow manure has been applied, and achieved good results. In addition, the droppings of sheep, rabbits, chickens and ducks can be used to pile up culture materials to cultivate mushrooms.

Part of cake fertilizer, urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium superphosphate, lime and gypsum are often added to the ③ additive stack to increase the nutrients of the culture material and improve the physical and chemical properties of the culture material, such as adjusting pH, preventing stickiness and nitrogen loss, and disinfection and sterilization (such as lime).

2. The formula of culture material the formula of culture material is a reasonable combination of ingredients according to the nutrient requirements of mushroom growth and development (including a certain ratio of carbon to nitrogen). The commonly used proportion of culture materials is as follows:

① dung straw culture material is made of rice straw, wheat straw and manure as the main materials, with a small amount of additions. The proportion of dung grass varies at 6:4, 5:5 and 4:6. Generally, for every 100 square meters of cultivated area, the dry weight of dung grass is 3500 to 4500 kilograms, which can be prepared according to the proportion of Table 8.

The semi-synthetic culture material of ② is mainly made by adding forage, reducing manure and adding some additives appropriately.

③ synthetic culture materials only have rice stalks and additives as raw materials, without manure.

3. The composting and fermentation of culture materials for the cultivation of mushrooms is the result of the composting of dung grass and the joint participation of all kinds of microorganisms, so the stacking process of culture materials is also the process of fermentation. At the beginning of the pile, the growth and decline of all kinds of microorganisms were carried out in an orderly manner. First, the activities of some moderate-temperature microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae, etc., they adapt to the temperature range of 20-38 ℃ using simple organic matter in the stack to decompose pectin (without decomposing cellulose), and release a lot of heat, so that the temperature gradually increases, this heat is called biological heat.

When the temperature rises to 40-50 ℃, some temperature-tolerant microorganisms, such as humus, begin to move; they can decompose cellulose and lignin in the pile. When the temperature continues to rise to 50-60 ℃, some thermophilic microorganisms, mainly thermophilic actinomycetes including Streptomyces, thermophilic monospora and aspore-free Pseudomonas aeruginosa, also decompose cellulose and lignin, utilize the free sugar in the stack and fix free ammonia, and the resulting antibiotics can inhibit the growth of other miscellaneous bacteria. Therefore, after composting and fermentation, the culture material can achieve the following two purposes: one is to create an environment suitable for mushroom growth but not suitable for other miscellaneous bacteria. That is, harmless culture materials; second, polysaccharides, microbial proteins (amino acids), vitamins (thiosurin, niacin, etc.) and biological hormones produced by thermophilic actinomycetes, which can be used directly by mushrooms or stimulate the growth of mushroom hyphae.

① stacking time and methods the composting of culture materials is generally carried out one month before the local suitable sowing time. The specific method is to soak the straw (or wheat straw) in water the day before the pile, and break the cow dung to wet it with urine. First spread a layer of forage with a width of 2 meters and a thickness of 20 centimeters with unlimited length on the ground, then spread a layer of manure with a thickness of 5 to 6 centimeters, and the dung and grass should be paved, so that a layer of grass is piled up in turn until the heap is 1.5 meters high. The four sides of the pile are basically vertical or slightly trapezoidal, and the top of the pile is shaped like a turtle back. When stacking, it should be properly watered in layers while stacking, and the water should be poured on the grass. Cover the top with grass or plastic film after heap to prevent rain and sun and loss of nutrients. Generally speaking, a small amount of water will flow out around the pile base the day after the pile.

The purpose of ② pile turning is to make the culture material ferment evenly, remove the odor from the pile, and adjust moisture in combination. Usually turn the pile 4 or 5 times.

The first pile turning can be carried out 6-7 days after stacking, when the temperature is as high as 70-80 ℃ and begins to drop. When turning the heap, turn the dung grass below to the top, turn around to the middle, and shake loose enough to mix. The nitrogen fertilizer in the additive, such as ammonium sulfate, human feces and urine, urea, etc., should be added to the pile or turned over for the first time for the use of microorganisms in the pile. If the addition is too late, the microbial utilization is not complete, and when feeding, the free ammonia is too concentrated, which is not conducive to the growth of mushroom mycelium. The addition of calcium superphosphate when turning the pile for the first time is also very beneficial to promote microbial activity and fix nitrogen. The first time to turn the pile to pour enough water, it is generally appropriate to hold the dung grass fingers to drip 6-7 drops of water. The second turn was carried out 5-6 days after the first turn. In this turn-over, gypsum powder should be added evenly to adjust the physicochemical property of the culture material, promote microbial activity and increase sulfur, calcium and other components. When turning the pile for the second time, the dung grass has been initially mature and is easy to absorb water, so it is not suitable to add too much water to prevent the culture material from becoming black, smelly and the heap temperature is not high. The humidity should be that 2-3 drips of water can be dripped from the culture medium by hand.

After that, it was repeated for the third, fourth and fifth time every 4-5 days and 3-4 days. The interval time between each turn is from long to short, and decreases in turn. The moisture regulation and control is wet first and then dry, and the last turn over, the appropriate water content of the culture material is 65%, that is, it is appropriate to hold the nourishment by hand, and there are water droplets between the fingers. And it is required to adjust when turning the pile for the last time or two. 1.5 kg formalin and 0.25 kg dichlorvos were added to the culture material per 100 square meters of cultivated area during the last turn, and covered with plastic film to kill miscellaneous bacteria and pests in the pile.

Matters needing attention in the process of turning the pile

In addition, in the process of turning the pile, we should also pay attention to the following points: first, to prevent the culture material from disrelenting gas fermentation. In the composting and fermentation of culture materials, most of the beneficial microorganisms are aerobic, and their reproduction and activities require good aeration conditions. Therefore, when turning the pile, the material should not be stepped on tightly, the water should be added properly, not too much, and the outdoor material should not be sealed with a thin film; the dung should be broken as fine as possible to increase the area of contact with microorganisms. places where nematodes and other pests hide.

If the culture material is under the condition of too much water and tight and airtight, it is beneficial to the activity of anaerobic microorganisms, and the gas-repellent fermentation is easy to produce reducing gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methane, which has a direct toxic effect on the growth of mushroom hyphae. The culture material is black, sticky and smelly, so it is not suitable for cultivating mushrooms. The second is to use some indicator microorganisms in the stack to judge the degree of fermentation and take corresponding measures. If the dense gray-white powder appears in the dung grass, it begins with a very thin layer, and then gradually thickens into a sheet, which is the community and spores of actinomycetes. It shows that the fermentation of the culture material has reached more than 60 ℃, the lowest is 55 ℃, and the culture material is rich in nitrogen. It also shows that the culture material is in the condition of overdrying and overheating, so it is appropriate to turn the pile in time and evenly, otherwise, the culture material will turn into powder for too long. If the fruiting bodies such as Pleurotus ostreatus are found in the pile, it shows that the water content in the pile is on the high side, the water value is on the low side, and there is free ammonia, because Pleurotus ostreatus grows very fast under these conditions. Pleurotus ostreatus will compete with mushrooms for water and nutrients, which is detrimental to the growth of mushrooms, so it is necessary to turn the pile, destroy its hyphae and fruiting body, prevent it from spreading, and raise the temperature of the pile, so as to facilitate the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms such as actinomycetes.

The stacked culture material should be dark brown, loose, non-smelly and non-sticky. The straw is soft and elastic and breaks as soon as it is pulled. The water content is about 65%.

Improved composting fermentation

Improved composting fermentation described above is a general conventional method of composting and fermentation. With the continuous development of science and production, the technology of culture material stacking and fermentation has been continuously improved. Generally speaking, there are two aspects. First, from a longer composting time to a shorter composting and fermentation time, that is, from more than 30 days to about 18 days. The second is to change from outdoor primary composting fermentation to outdoor-indoor secondary composting fermentation. The details are as follows:

1. Secondary fermentation

That is, outdoor fermentation (also known as pre-fermentation) 15-16 days later, and then moved to indoor fermentation (also known as post-fermentation), known as secondary fermentation. Secondary fermentation is an active way of composting fermentation. The specific method is as follows: move the culture material of outdoor fermentation for 15-16 days into the mushroom room while it is hot, pile it on the cultivation rack, seal the doors and windows, cover the roof with plastic film, heat up directly with charcoal stove or ordinary stove (stove in the room, stove mouth outside), heat for 10 hours for 12 hours, make the material temperature reach 60-62 ℃, keep for 24 hours, then cool down to 48-52 ℃, maintain 4-6 days, and then fermentation ends. Open the doors and windows, after turning and leveling, wait for the material temperature to drop below 28 ℃, then sow seeds.

The advantage of secondary fermentation over primary fermentation is that after outdoor pre-fermentation, indoor fermentation under controlled temperature, humidity and aeration conditions can better change the physical and chemical properties and microbial phase of culture materials, and kill miscellaneous bacteria and pests more thoroughly. The moisture, temperature and air of the culture material are evenly distributed to create an ecological environment conducive to the growth of mushrooms. At the same time, it can also more effectively increase the nutrients available to mushrooms. Therefore, after twice fermentation, the mycelium of mushroom grew fast and the yield was high.

The matters that should be paid attention to in secondary fermentation is that the culture material of post-fermentation should not be overcooked or overcooked. Overripe, do not play the role of post-fermentation, overbirth, the high temperature continues not to drop after going to bed, easy to produce albino phenomenon, and cause lack of water, affecting the growth of mushrooms. When the culture material after pre-fermentation goes to bed, the water content should be slightly higher, and it is better to maintain 63% water content at the end of fermentation. The culture material after secondary fermentation is also brown, odorless, loose and elastic, and a large number of gray powder (actinomycetes and their spores) are evenly distributed in the material.

2. Rapid push fermentation

The main purpose is to shorten the time of composting fermentation and avoid the disadvantage of nutrient loss due to overripe fermentation of culture material. There are also appropriate improvements in the stacking method. First cut the forage into 30 centimeters long, drench the heap for 2 to 3 days, wait for the forage to absorb enough water, and then stack it with animal dung, urea and so on. The bottom of the pile is conical, with a diameter of 1.5 ~ 2.0m and a height of 1.1m ~ 1.3m. The stack temperature is controlled at 50 ~ 60 ℃, and the accumulated temperature (that is, the number of temperature multiplied by the number of days) is about 900 ~ 1000 ℃. Spray dichlorvos and sprinkle some lime powder outside the pile. Turn the pile 4 times, turn the pile at intervals of 4, 3, 3 and 2 days, and add calcium superphosphate and gypsum powder when turning the pile for the first time. After about two weeks, the culture material can go to bed. Then disinfect the lump with 50-65 ℃ hot steam for 3 days and nights. By using this method, the yield of cultivated mushroom is high because of short fermentation time and less nutrient loss.

From the above analysis, we know that the cultivation of mushrooms is not a simple thing, there are still many processes to eat good mushrooms, so growing mushrooms is a relatively low investment cost, but in order to achieve good returns, it still takes some effort.