The latest scientific planting technology of strawberry

1. Main cultivation techniques of strawberry

(a) Garden choice:

Strawberries are perennial evergreens, which can form flower buds in the same year after planting and bear fruit the next year, so strawberries can be planted once a year or for many years. Strawberry cultivation plots should be selected in places where the soil is fertile, flat, convenient for irrigation and drainage. Where there is drought wind and late frost, there are underground pests such as beetles, nematodes, saline-alkali land, etc. should not be selected as strawberry orchards.

(2) soil preparation:

After selecting the garden site, intensive cultivation and fertilization of soil are of great significance to obtain high and stable yield. Before strawberry planting, it is necessary to thoroughly remove weeds and control underground pests. It is best to plant one-year crops, such as soybeans and potatoes, to control weeds and increase soil fertility. After the former crops are harvested, turn deeply and apply sufficient organic fertilizer (3000~5000kg per mu is required), and it is best to add 50kg ternary compound fertilizer, rake flat, make the soil sink, or press lightly with a ballast, so that the plant can be planted to the normal depth, avoid the seedling sinking, bury the seedling heart, and affect the survival. After deep ploughing and fertilization, soil ripening is promoted, and then soil preparation is carried out. It is required to be flat, cotton, loose, properly suppressed or watered. In order to reduce fruit pollution, improve fruit quality and achieve high yield every year, 2-3-year rotation or one-year planting system is mostly used in production.

(3) the period of planting:

The suitable planting period varies from region to region, and autumn planting is the main planting in production. In a warm and humid climate, it is better to plant strawberries on overcast and rainy days. It is suitable from July to August in Heilongjiang Province, the greenhouse in early September, the high-efficiency and energy-saving greenhouse can be postponed to the first ten days of October. At this time, it is the rainy season, the stolon has developed well, and the seedlings recover quickly after planting, accumulate nutrients quickly, easily form flower buds and prepare for overwintering, which is beneficial to the overwintering of the mother plant and the yield of the coming year.

(4) planting mode and density: the commonly used methods are determinant, carpet and border planting.

1. Determinant: strawberries are planted in single or double rows (columns) according to a certain plant and row spacing, and the stolons are completely removed and kept in rows or rows all the time. The single row and plant spacing are generally 15ml 20cm, and the row spacing is 50ml 70cm. When double-row planting, the plant distance is 15ml 20cm, and the small row spacing is 50mi 70cm. This method is suitable for varieties with few stolons, easy to manage in the field, convenient for fertilization, irrigation, fruit harvest, etc., nutrition is concentrated in plants, more branches, more flower stems, good fruit quality and high yield. But it takes a lot of seedlings and it takes a lot of work to remove the stolon.

2. Carpet type: when planting, the plant and row spacing is slightly larger than that of the determinant, for example, the row spacing is 60mur80cm, the plant spacing is 20-30cm, and the later stolons grow and cover the whole garden to form a carpet, and then removed when there are too many stolons in the next year, the field always keeps the carpet state. The plant is dense, the diurnal temperature change is smaller than the determinant, the plant grows faster, the plant is more, the old plant decays, the new plant is replaced, and the natural renewal is fast. The amount of roots in the soil is also more than that of the determinant, and the distribution is deeper, so the fertility in the soil is fully utilized and the yield is high. this planting method is suitable for cold climate areas and varieties with more stolons. Carpet-planted strawberries have high yield, dense plants have self-protective effect, strong overwintering, but the disadvantage is that the management is difficult, and the fruit quality is not as good as that of determinant planting.

3. Border planting: suitable for small area cultivation or protected cultivation. The border is 20 meters long and 1.2 meters wide. The ridge of the border is 30 cm wide. Six rows were planted in each row, the plant spacing was 15ml / 20cm, and the row spacing was 20m / 25cm. High, low and flat beds can be used, depending on soil moisture conditions.

The above planting methods can be planted on the ridge or on flat land. There are flat ridge and high ridge, such as high ridge, ridge height 15 cm, ridge width 50 cm, ridge furrow width 20 cm, two rows per ridge, row spacing 20 cm, plant spacing 15 min 20 cm, turning shape planting.

(5) Variety configuration:

The allocation of pollination varieties in strawberry orchard has obvious yield increasing effect. There should be no less than 4 varieties in a strawberry orchard, including main varieties, pollinated varieties, early and middle ripening varieties and so on. The area of the main varieties should be larger, and the distance between the pollinated varieties and the pollinated varieties should not be more than 20ml / 25m. The same variety should be planted centrally to facilitate harvest and management. Early, middle and late maturing varieties should also be developed, and early and middle maturing varieties should be planted in a higher position under the condition of large area cultivation on sloping land. The rapid rise of soil temperature in the highland in spring is beneficial to early fruit.

(6) planting methods:

Planting strawberries should avoid the hot noon time, so as not to wilt the seedlings, preferably before it rains on a cloudy day. When planting according to the seedling level, the row spacing of large seedlings is relaxed, the seedlings can be encrypted, the planting depth can be mastered well, and the planting depth should not be too deep or too shallow, so as to achieve "deep without immersion, shallow without revealing roots".

The method of trenching can also be used for large area cultivation, ditching according to row spacing and planting according to plant spacing. The ditch is 6mur10cm deep and 15cm-20cm wide. It is fully irrigated in the ditch, and then "watered", and the root system is in contact with soil and water, so that it can be planted at noon on a sunny day. Irrigate every day or every other day for a week after planting. Where there are conditions, or when the seedlings wilt, cover them after planting, remove the mulch after 5 days, and the seedlings return to growth quickly.

2. Cultivation and management techniques

1. Slow seedling management: 7 to 10 days after planting is the slow seedling stage, which requires sufficient water. If the weather is dry, it should be irrigated once a day in the morning and evening. It is best to cover plastic film after irrigation to increase temperature and preserve soil moisture, that is, to speed up the process of slowing down seedlings and save water.

2. Post-seedling management:

(1) ploughing and loosening the soil: after slowing down the seedlings, the first intertillage can be carried out. It must be shallow to prevent the moving seedlings from injuring the roots, and if necessary, only hoe the weeds between rows and plants. Water once in the next half a month, and ploughing in time after the water. The use of black plastic film can improve the soil temperature and inhibit the growth of weeds. At the same time, the fruit is clean and the harvest efficiency is high.

(2) fertilization: strawberry is a fertilizer-loving crop. The period and variety of topdressing should be determined according to the needs of strawberry plants. In the early stage of growth, flowering and fruiting consume more phosphorus and potassium. The fertilization of strawberry can be carried out in 3 times. The first time after the release of cold protection, before germination, to promote plant growth; the second time before flowering to increase the fruit setting rate; the third time after harvest, to ensure the robust growth of new branches, flower bud differentiation and improve the ability of overwintering. Nitrogen fertilizer 5~10kg/667 square meters or ternary compound fertilizer 10~15kg/667 square meters can be applied.

(3) Irrigation and drainage: strawberries have high requirements for water, which is sufficient from flowering to berry ripening. Flowering irrigation needs surface irrigation, avoid sprinkler irrigation, so as not to damage the stigma to affect ovary development, it is best to use drip irrigation, water supply to ease, uniform, do not hurt flowers and fruits, increase the rate of good fruit, and save water. Excessive precipitation will make the fruit contain too much water, taste light, soft, reduce the quality, easy to catch Botrytis cinerea, and should be drained in time.

3. Overwintering management is mainly carried out to prevent cold before the soil is frozen. When the average temperature drops to 2-3 degrees, overwintering water should be watered thoroughly and fully. Methods: first lay a layer of plastic film (black or green is better) to tighten and press tightly, and then cover straw or straw on the plastic film, with a thickness of 15 cm, different according to local conditions.

4. Integrated management in spring and summer

(1) relieving the cold and clearing the garden: the cold shield was removed twice in spring, the first time when the daily average temperature was higher than 0 degrees Celsius, mainly the mulch on the plastic film, and the second when the aboveground part was about to sprout. After the cold protection is removed, clear the garden in time and remove it thoroughly so as to reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.

(2) fertilization and irrigation: after the first garden cleaning, mature organic fertilizer can be used to accelerate the effect of chemical fertilizer; the aim is to promote the early growth of the plant, form a large enough leaf area as soon as possible, increase the number of effective inflorescences, and promote flowering and fruit setting; generally, nitrogen fertilizer 10kg or compound fertilizer 10~15kg can be applied every 667m2. The second time in the early flowering stage, the aim is to ensure plant growth and improve fruit setting rate, mainly with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; the method is mainly foliar spraying, which can use potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea, with a concentration of 0.1%-0.3%. Strawberry roots are shallow and are very sensitive to water. Irrigation should master small water to frequently irrigate, prevent flood irrigation and pollute the fruit.

(3) Plant management

Methods and essentials:

1. Removal of stolon: it must be removed as soon as possible. The experiment shows that the yield of stolon removal is 40% higher than that of no stolon removal, and the effect is very obvious.

two。 Flower thinning and fruit thinning: generally, only 1-4 inflorescences are retained, and the rest can be thinned as early as possible, leaving 10-15 fruits per plant.

3. Padding fruit and removing old leaves: within 2-3 weeks after anthesis, put straw and wheat straw under the strawberry inflorescence, or put a straw ring under the fruit with straw cut into 15cm. Timely removal of withered and yellow old leaves not only saves nutrients, ventilates and transmits light, but also reduces the occurrence of diseases and pests.

(4) Fruit harvest: about a month after flowering, the fruit of most strawberry varieties began to mature. The sign of fruit ripening is that the background color of the fruit changes from green to white, the face of the fruit turns red or red in an all-round way, and the flesh begins to soften and emit an attractive aroma. When harvesting, pinch the handle with thumb and index finger, pick it together with stalk and calyx, and put it directly into a special wooden or plastic box, each containing 0.5ml kg. Ripe berries must be harvested, leaving them in plants that are prone to rot and mildew, and are harvested every two days. Local sales harvest maturity is higher, non-local sales 8% cooked on it. Harvest time is best in the morning after the dew is dry to before the heat, pay attention to pick, take, put, strictly prevent mechanical damage.

5. Post-harvest management and packaging, preservation management:

(1) Plant management: after strawberry harvest, the extra new stem branches and stolon seedlings should be dug up in time to maintain proper density, and the remaining seedlings should also remove the old leaves, leaving only 2-3 new leaves.

(2) soil cultivation and fertilization promote root: with the continuous upward movement of the location of the new stem, the rhizome rises accordingly. Soil cultivation should be combined with intermediate ploughing, weeding and fertilization, mainly applying organic fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer application can be referred to the base fertilizer before planting, and the thickness of soil cultivation is to expose the seedling heart.

(3) removal of stolon: this period is in the period of stolon occurrence. The stolon is removed in time, the nutrition distribution center is adjusted, the mother plant is kept for robust growth, and the stolon is removed at least 2 or 3 times.

Packaging and preservation: after harvest, it is first put in the shade to dissipate heat, and then transported away in a refrigerated truck. The strawberries can be kept fresh for about 10 days under the condition of 0 degrees, and the quick freezing method can be used to keep the strawberries fresh for a long time, and the quick freezing requires perfect fruit, that is, there is no source of diseases and insect pests, the shape of the fruit is neat, the fruit should not be too small, and the color, aroma and taste of the fruit have fully shown the characteristics of this product. In order to facilitate handling, put strawberry boxes into certain wooden or plastic crates, 8 boxes on one floor and 32 boxes on four layers.

Harvesting, packaging and preservation are the most important keys to ensure the high yield, harvest and high quality of strawberries.