What is bitter chrysanthemum? How do you plant it?

Bitter chrysanthemum may be thought to be chrysanthemum when many people hear it, but this is not the case. Although bitter chrysanthemum belongs to the family Compositae, it does not blossom. It is similar to the vegetables we usually eat. It can be eaten raw, fried or cooked in soup. It tastes a little bit bitter, but it has a very good effect on reducing heat and relieving summer heat.

What is bitter chrysanthemum?

Bitter chicory, scientific name: Cichorium endivia L., is a 2012 herb of the genus chicory in Compositae. Tender leaves are edible. Every 100g tender leaves contain 95.1g of water, 1.2g of protein, calcium, 77mg and vitamins. Suitable for eating raw, cooking or making soup. Bitter chicory leaves lanceolate. Head, about 20 florets, Corolla lilac, pistil stigma bifurcate light blue, stamens 5, connected into a tube, anthers light blue. The seeds are short columnar, gray-white, and the 1000-seed weight is 1.6g. The germination ability of seeds can be maintained for 10 years, and seeds preserved for 1-3 years are often used in production.

How to plant bitter chrysanthemum

I. growth characteristics

Bitter chrysanthemum is a kind of mesophytic positive plant, which likes cold and cool, wet and water-loving, fertilizer-loving, drought-tolerant and cold-tolerant. It can be planted on hillsides or valleys at an altitude of 170-3200 meters, under forests or in flat fields, open places or near water, and distributed around the world several times. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 15: 17 ℃, the suitable temperature for seedling growth is 12: 20 ℃, the suitable temperature for plant growth is 10: 20 ℃, the growth is slow at 5 ℃, and the short-term low temperature of-10 ℃ can still keep green. Bitter chrysanthemum is suitable to be planted in sandy soil or clay with loose soil, rich organic matter and good water and fertility conservation between PH4.5-8.9, but the growth is best on micro-acid to neutral sandy soil with pH of 66.5.

II. Planting conditions

Bitter chrysanthemum is suitable for planting in spring and autumn, selecting excellent varieties with stable yield and disease resistance, seizing the farming season and sowing in time can prolong the vegetative growth period and harvest time, and direct seeding can be carried out in the open field.

Ploughing and loosening the soil

Rake the soil fine and flat, combined with soil preparation can apply fully mature farm organic fertilizer 1000~2000kg, fertilization should be appropriate, to avoid excessive fertilization caused by burning seedlings. Then make the border, the width of the border is 0.8-1m, the border surface opens a deep and small trench of 8cm, the distance of the ditch is 12cm. The seeds of bitter chrysanthemum are very small. Sow the seeds evenly and then cover them with a layer of fine soil. The overlying soil layer should not be too thick and should be controlled around 0.5cm. Spray a proper amount of water with a spray can after sowing, the bottom water should be watered thoroughly, and there is no need to trample and pat after sowing, otherwise it will hinder the breaking of the soil and affect the germination rate. The seedlings can emerge in 4 or 5 days, and the sowing amount is about 3 grams per square meter. The planting density should be controlled and the sowing should not be too dense, otherwise it will affect the plant growth and induce the high incidence of all kinds of diseases and insect pests. Thus affecting the output and income.

IV. Field management

To achieve higher yield and quality, strengthening field management is the key.

1. After the sprouts break the soil, the field should be inspected in time, and the soil should be kept moist by spraying water at the right time to avoid the soil from being too dry. To loosen the soil in time, because the root system of bitter chrysanthemum is thin and weak, the action should be gentle when loosening the soil, so as to avoid damaging the roots, affecting the growth of the roots, and hindering the absorption of water and all kinds of nutrients. Moreover, timely loosening of soil can inhibit soil water evaporation and promote root growth.

2. it is necessary to take time to replenish the seedlings, and the weak and diseased seedlings should be pulled out immediately. At the same time, it is necessary to remove weeds in the field in time. Weeds will not only compete with bitter chrysanthemum for nutrients, but also the main cause of high incidence of many kinds of diseases and insect pests. Clear weeds, diseased seedlings and weak seedlings should not be discarded at will. They should be taken out of the field and buried or burned so as to reduce the source of disease.

3. Topdressing water and fertilizer. In field management, it is necessary to apply water and fertilizer according to the actual situation. In the seedling stage, the soil should be kept dry and wet, and too much water will cause the seedlings to grow; if the soil is too dry and the moisture is too little, it will cause seedling aging; in the prosperous period of stem and leaf growth, it is necessary to keep the soil moist and lack of water, which will cause bitter chrysanthemum bitterness and affect the taste and quality; in the later stage of growth, the water supply can be reduced appropriately to ensure the quality.

In the plant growth stage, according to the growth of bitter chrysanthemum, the plot with normal fertility can top up the mature manure once and 1000~1200kg per mu.

V. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests

Bitter chrysanthemum plant diseases and insect pests are less, but improper management will also occur some common diseases and insect pests, such as downy mildew, virus diseases, aphids and so on.

1. Downy mildew

Downy mildew is a fungal disease, which occurs in all planting areas. The main damage to leaves. The bacteria overwintered in the diseased body and soil. When the conditions were suitable in the next year, after the overwintering pathogen germinated directly, it invaded into the host with stomata and caused the disease.

Symptoms and conditions of ①. In the early stage of the disease, the leaves appeared irregular disease spots, showing green or light yellow, and there was a white frost-like mildew layer on the back of the leaves. After development, the disease spot gradually expanded, showing yellowish brown, leading to the withering and death of the leaves. When the disease is serious, it will cause the whole leaf to dry up, unable to eat, resulting in loss. The suitable disease conditions are low-lying terrain, high humidity, heavy fog, warm day and cool night, small spacing, high field density, poor permeability and so on, which will cause the high incidence of downy mildew.

Prevention and treatment of ②. Select the land with high topography, low incidence, good drainage and irrigation, land preparation and ploughing thoroughly. Select disease-resistant varieties, strengthen management, control field density and improve plant permeability. Reasonable watering and fertilization, Rain Water excessive weather should be timely drainage, to avoid stagnant water in the field, humidity is too high, causing diseases. Fertilization should be appropriate to avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. If the weeds of diseased plants are removed in time, appropriate foliar nutrients can be sprayed to improve the disease resistance of plants and promote good growth.

After the onset of the disease, you can use 72% Kloe wettable powder 800 times liquid, 80% Sedford wet powder 500 times 600 times and other spray prevention and control, about 10 days spray once, even 2 times 3 times. It should be noted that the liquid is sprayed on the base leaf and the back of the leaf to avoid leakage and delay the control effect.

2. Virus disease

Virus disease is a viral disease, which occurs in all planting areas and can occur in the whole plant.

Symptoms and conditions of ①. After the disease, the plant was dwarfed and weakened, the leaf was small and banded, the color of the leaf was different, it was obviously shorter than the normal plant, and the number of green leaves was less, which seriously affected the yield and quality. The virus is mainly transmitted by seeds and aphids. The high incidence of viral diseases is mainly affected by the weather, such as high temperature, lack of rain, drought and so on. When the temperature is higher than 18 ℃ and there is little rain and dry weather, aphids can quickly spread virus disease and cause harm.

Prevention and treatment of ②. On the basis of the optimization of improved varieties, seed dressing with drugs can effectively kill the germs on the seeds. Reasonable close planting to facilitate ventilation between plants. Timely watering, maintain the appropriate soil humidity, watering should not be too big and too fierce, pay attention to small water frequently. The diseased plant was removed immediately and the soil around the diseased plant was disinfected with medicine. Remove weeds in and around the field in time to reduce the occurrence of insect pests and other diseases. Scientific fertilization can promote the plant to grow strong and improve its own disease resistance.

In the early stage of the disease, spraying 20% virus A wettable powder 500 times liquid, 5% bacterial toxin clear water agent 300 times liquid, 1.5% Zhishiling emulsion 1000 times liquid and other spray prevention and control, spray once every 8 times 10 days, 2 times 3 times in a row.

Timely control of aphids. When it is found that aphid tablets occur, spray anti-aphid drugs immediately. 40% gram aphid 800 × 1000 times, 40% dimethoate 1000 times, 50% aldicarb 2000 × 3000 times, 20% fenvalerate 2000 × 3000 times, etc. The pest of aphids should be prevented and no longer sprayed half a month before harvest. When drugs are used to control diseases and insect pests, several drugs should be used alternately to avoid drug resistance and affect the effect of control.

VI. Timely harvest

In order to prevent leaf wilting and affect the market, it is recommended to pick in the morning.

Nutritional value of Chrysanthemum morifolium

Sophora frutescens is a kind of vegetable with rich nutritional value, and it is a kind of natural healthy green food. Although it tastes a little bitter, it still can't stop people from loving it. According to the data of the study, according to 100 grams of bitter chrysanthemum, it contains 1.8 grams of protein, 4.0 grams of sugar, 5.8 grams of food fiber, 120 milligrams of calcium, 52 milligrams of phosphorus and trace elements such as zinc, copper, iron, manganese and so on.

The vitamin content is: vitamin B0.2 mg, vitamin C88 mg, carotene 3.22mg, more than twice the content of spinach. It also contains a wide range of amino acids, and the one between various amino acids is more appropriate. Bitter chrysanthemum has a significant effect of heat-clearing and detoxification. Regular consumption of bitter chrysanthemum can also improve human immunity, promote brain function, and has the effects of diuresis, stomach-strengthening, cough relieving and detoxification.

The efficacy and function of bitter chrysanthemum

In the hot summer, many people like to eat cold salad bitter chrysanthemum to relieve the heat. According to traditional Chinese medicine, bitter chrysanthemum is cold, bitter, non-toxic and harmless, and has the effects of antibacterial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, eyesight, cooling blood, stopping dysentery and so on.

1. Clearing heat and detoxification

If the throat is dry and the tongue is dry and hot, you can eat some cold bitter chrysanthemum, or drink it in water with sun-dried bitter chrysanthemum, the symptoms will be effectively alleviated.

2. Supplement vitamins

Bitter chrysanthemum contains a variety of vitamins needed by the human body, as well as carotene, potassium salt, sodium salt and other nutrients, which play a positive role in maintaining the normal physiological activities of the body.

3. Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory

This is the main effect of bitter chrysanthemum, which contains dandelion sterol, choline and other ingredients have bactericidal effect, can treat icteric hepatitis, pharyngitis, bacillary dysentery, cold and fever and chronic tracheitis, tonsillitis and so on.

4. Prevent cancer

Taking bitter chrysanthemum decoction has obvious inhibitory effect on blood cell deoxygenase in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute and chronic myeloid leukemia, and can also be used for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer, rectal cancer and anal cancer.

Do not underestimate the fact that this bitter chrysanthemum has many effects, especially in summer, many people like cold bitter chrysanthemum to eat, which can play the effect of clearing away heat and detoxification, as well as eliminating fire. As the efficacy of bitter chrysanthemum is gradually recognized by everyone, so its market demand is growing year by year.