The latest planting techniques of Pleurotus eryngii

1. Morphological characteristics

The fruiting body of Pleurotus eryngii is solitary or grouped, the mushroom cover is wide 4cm-6cm, the initial stage is round, after spreading, the center is slightly sunken, the surface is fluffy, black tea color to grayish brown, the flesh is white; the stipe is mesophytic to partial, rod-shaped to corm-shaped, white smooth, cross-sectional round, fleshy compact, stalk long 5cm-12cm, aseptic ring.

II. Biological characteristics

1. Nutrition

Pleurotus eryngii has a strong ability to decompose cellulose and lignin, which requires rich carbon and nitrogen sources, especially when the nitrogen source is rich, the mycelium is strong and white, the growth rate is fast, and the yield of fruiting body is high. General crop straw, supplemented by rice bran, corn flour, wheat bran and so on, can be cultivated and produced.

2. Temperature

Temperature is the key factor for the success or failure of cultivated Pleurotus eryngii, and it is the key to determine the growth and development, high and stable yield. The temperature of mycelium growth is 25 ℃, the temperature of fruiting body formation and growth is 10 ℃-18 ℃, the optimum temperature is 12 ℃-15 ℃, below 8 ℃ fruiting body does not occur, it is difficult to grow, above 20 ℃, the mushroom stalk becomes soft, atrophy is easy to yellowing and even rot.

3. Humidity

In the mycelial culture stage, the moisture content of the culture material should be 60% Murray 65%, but because it is not suitable to spray water to the mushroom body during the cultivation process, and the water is mainly supplied by the culture medium, the moisture content of the material is generally controlled at 65% Mui 70% in the actual cultivation. The air humidity should be increased during the fruiting body formation stage. It is generally appropriate to control the relative humidity at 90% Mel 95% and 85% Mel 90% during the fruiting body growth stage.

4. Lighting

Like other edible fungi, Pleurotus eryngii does not need light in the mycelial growth stage, and the mycelium grows faster in the dark. On the other hand, the formation and development of fruiting body need certain scattered light stimulation. Generally required to be controlled in the 300lx-1000lx range, the light is too strong, the bacterial cap becomes black, the light is too dark, the bacterial cap becomes white, and the stalk is too long.

5. Ventilation

Both mycelial growth and fruiting body formation need a certain amount of O2 supply, especially sufficient O2 for primordium differentiation and formation. The supply of O _ 2 is poor, the mycelium grows slowly, and the fruiting body is easy to cause mushroom bud atrophy and abnormal growth.

6. Acidity and basicity

The most suitable pH value of Pleurotus eryngii is PH6.0-6.5, which can grow normally in the range of PH4-8. It is difficult to produce mushrooms when the PH value is below 4, but it is difficult to produce mushrooms above 8. In the actual cultivation and production, in order to prevent the acid production of cultured gene mycelium from being too acidic, the PH value of the culture material is generally required to be in the range of 6.5 Mel 7.5.

III. Cultivation season and place

According to the suitable growth temperature of Pleurotus eryngii, it is more suitable to be cultivated in autumn under natural conditions. Too low and too high temperature are not conducive to mycelium growth and fruiting body formation, the abnormal formation and growth of head tide mushroom buds will affect the occurrence of the second batch of mushroom buds. North generally chooses to make bag culture in late July or early August and produce mushrooms in September. Can also choose to cultivate in late spring and early summer, but because of this stage, the temperature suitable period is shorter, there are more diseases and insect pests, generally seldom choose this period. Of course, if there is a constant temperature, it can also be cultivated in four seasons.

Cultivation sites can be selected according to specific conditions, clean rooms or plastic greenhouses can be selected, cultivation sites should have adequate ventilation facilities and shading conditions, and the shading should be opened appropriately when scattered light is needed.

IV. Cultivation techniques

The main results are as follows: 1. Strain production: the mother seed is cultured on PDA medium, and the original seed of 10d-13d full of test tube can be cultured in common sawdust wheat bran at 26 ℃. In order to accelerate the growth rate of mycelium, wheat grain can be used as medium. In general, the 30d-35d of the original seed cultured at 26 ℃ can grow full of bottles, and each mother seed can be connected with 6 bottles of original seed, and each bottle can be transferred to about 20 bags of mushroom bags.

2. Raw materials and preparation: there are many suitable growth substrates for Pleurotus eryngii, and the scraps of various agricultural and sideline products, such as broad-leaved tree sawdust, cottonseed hull, bagasse, wheat straw, waste cotton, rice straw, bean straw and so on, can be cultivated by adding appropriate amounts of auxiliary materials such as wheat bran, rice bran, corn flour, sugar, calcium carbonate and gypsum powder.

Original seed formula: 36% cottonseed hull, 20% sawdust, 20% wheat bran, 4% corn meal, 1% sugar, 1% calcium carbonate, PH7 color 7.5 cultivation material formula:

(1) 35% sawdust, 40% soybean straw powder, 20% wheat bran, 3% corn meal, 1% sugar, 1% calcium carbonate, 60% water content 65%.

(2) 38% sawdust, 38% corncob, 22% wheat bran, 1% sugar, 1% calcium carbonate.

(3) 23% of sawdust, 23% of corncob, 19% of wheat bran, 5% of cornmeal, 1% of sugar, 1% of calcium carbonate and 30% of bean straw powder.

The original species are generally bottled with bacteria, and the cultivation bags are packed with 17 × 34 plastic bags and sealed with cotton plugs.

3. Sterilization and inoculation

The culture materials packed in bottles (bags) can be sterilized in time. Bacteria bottles or high-pressure polypropylene plastic bags can be sterilized under high pressure (1.5kg/cm2-2kg/cm2) for 2 hours, and low-pressure polyethylene plastic bags must be sterilized with atmospheric pressure cooker for 10h-12h. After cooling, it is inoculated under the aseptic operation of the inoculation box or aseptic room, and it is shaded and cultured under 23 ℃-25 ℃ after inoculation. generally, the bag can grow in about 35 days, the culture site should be ventilated, and the humidity should not be too high.

5. Management of mushroom production

After the mycelium grows full of bags, you can move into the mushroom room to take measures to promote its mushroom production at the right temperature, and be careful not to row it too tightly, otherwise it will affect the yield. If the wall type row bag cultivation is adopted, the "upper and lower cross bag mouth method" is generally adopted to stack the bag in a single row. Then open the doors and windows, strengthen ventilation, widen the temperature difference, and stimulate the formation of primordia. The specific method is to keep the humidity of the mushroom room at 90% 1cm-2cm 95%, spray water into the space and the ground, and generally bud through 10d-15d. At this stage, the temperature is maintained at 12 ℃-15 ℃. When the primordium forms in the bag and the 1cm-2cm small mushroom bud appears, remove the cotton plug and the plastic ring in time, and discard the plastic bag above the material surface, and each bag retains 4 more robust mushroom buds. Note that the bag opening time is directly related to the yield. If the mycelium is full of bags, it is difficult to form primordium or slow to form primordium, the mushroom is irregular, and the bag is opened after forming a larger fruiting body, which is easy to make Pleurotus eryngii produce abnormal form, even shrink and rot. In the mushroom bud growth period, the humidity should be 85%. In order to prolong the shelf life of the fruiting body, 2d-3d before harvest, the humidity should be controlled at about 85%. The management of mushroom production of Pleurotus eryngii includes the following aspects:

(1) temperature control: the temperature of the mushroom room directly affects the formation of the primordium and the normal growth and development of the fruiting body. The fruiting body of Pleurotus eryngii is sensitive to temperature. The fruiting body of Pleurotus eryngii can grow normally in the range of 10 ℃-18 ℃, but it is difficult to form the primordium below 10 ℃, and the growth rate of the original unharvested fruiting body is obviously accelerated, the quality decreases, and the mushroom body is no longer white and compact, and yellowing and softening begin to appear in the neck of the mushroom body. The growth of small mushroom buds stopped, primordium differentiation stopped, at the same time, high temperature and humidity, poor ventilation, decreased disease resistance of fruiting bodies, and were vulnerable to bacterial damage. The mushroom lid appears slime and the mushroom body turns yellow and rotten. At this time, pay attention to ventilation, open the space between the bacterial bags, and adjust the temperature by means of the switch of doors and windows to keep the temperature in the range of 12 ℃-19 ℃.

(2) ventilation management: when the fruiting body primordium is formed, it is mainly moisturizing, and the ventilation rate can be reduced appropriately. With the growing up of the fruiting body, it is necessary to increase the ventilation rate appropriately to ensure the fresh air in the mushroom room. Due to poor ventilation, it is difficult for the fruiting body to grow and develop normally, and the mushroom buds are easy to atrophy and stop growing. If you encounter high temperature and high humidity again, it is easy to cause bacterial diseases.

(3) humidity management: when Pleurotus eryngii is in the stage of fruiting body primordium formation, the air relative humidity of the mushroom room should be maintained at 85% mai 95%. If the humidity is small, it is difficult to form a primordium, and the fruiting body will dry up and shrink and stop growing. The increase of humidity generally adopts the method of space spraying and wetting the ground, and the mouth of the bag can be covered with newspaper or non-woven cloth, while avoiding the cold wind blowing directly to the mushroom body as far as possible. When the temperature of the mushroom room is high, do not spray water directly on the mushroom body, otherwise it is easy to cause the phenomenon of rotten mushroom.

(4) Light regulation: the fruiting body of Pleurotus eryngii can grow and develop normally under 200lx-1000lx light intensity. Light adjustment and control are generally operated according to the temperature. When the temperature is low, reduce the mulch of the mushroom shed or open the mushroom room to adjust the temperature; when the temperature is high, encrypt the sunshade, close the sunny doors and windows during the day, and then open the doors and windows in the evening.

In the management of mushroom production period, various factors should be comprehensively considered, and at the same time, we should pay attention to the main factors and seek the best solution in the contradiction, which requires managers to carefully and conscientiously explore constantly and sum up experience. only in this way can mushroom production be ensured.

VI. Harvesting and processing

When the mushroom cover is flat, the edge is slightly involute, and the spores are not ejected. It can be sold after 2 ℃-4 ℃ cold storage. Properly harvested in advance, the flavor of mushrooms is good, and the shelf life is long. Compared with ordinary mushrooms, Pleurotus eryngii can be preserved for a long time, and it can also be dried or canned. After the first tide of mushroom harvest, the material surface is cleaned, at the same time, the contaminated bacteria bags are discarded, the temperature, humidity, ventilation and light of the mushroom room are adjusted, and the second tide mushroom can grow after 10d-15d. Generally, after the first tide of mushrooms, the bag has become seriously lighter, so water and nutrient solution should be replenished in time, but the mycelium of the bag after the first tide is very easy to be infected by miscellaneous bacteria, and the yield of the second tide is lower, and the yield of Pleurotus eryngii is mainly concentrated in the first tide.