Cultivation techniques and Disease and Pest Control of Coconut

Coconut milk and coconut meat contain a lot of protein, fructose, glucose, sucrose, fat, vitamin B1, vitamin E, vitamin C, potassium, calcium, magnesium and so on. Coconut meat is as white as jade, fragrant and crisp; coconut milk is cool and sweet. Coconut meat and coconut milk are delicious fruits for both young and old. Let's take a look at the cultivation techniques and pest control of coconut.

Growth habit

Coconut is most suitable in coastal areas where the average annual temperature is 26-27 ℃, the annual temperature difference is small, the annual rainfall is 1300-2300 mm and the distribution is uniform, the annual light is more than 2000 hours, and the altitude is less than 50 meters. Coconut is a tropical light-loving crop, which grows well under the conditions of high temperature, rainy, sunny and sea breeze. Coconut is suitable for growing at low altitude. The suitable soil for coconut growth is marine alluvial soil and riparian alluvial soil, followed by sandy loam, gravel and clay.

Mode of reproduction

Selection of species

In production, the yield and quality of coconut can be improved by selecting mother trees and collecting excellent seeds.

⑴ selected mother tree: the coconut tree with high yield per plant, spherical or hemispherical crown, more than 28-30 leaves and 6-8 ears was selected as the seed collection mother tree.

⑵ fruit selection: in the coconut ripening season, select fully mature, moderate size, near-orchard-shaped fruit, that is, "dense, heavy, ripe" selection method. "dense" means that the plant is short, the number of leaves and fruits are large, and the distribution is uniform. "heavy" means that the proportion of the fruit is large, the skin is thin and the flesh is thick, the germination rate is high, and it is easy to produce strong seedlings. "ripe" is the ripe fruit, which shakes with the sound of "ringing water". After the fruit is harvested, it is stored in a ventilated, shaded and dry place, and budding is carried out 1 month later.

Raising seedlings

The seed germination rate of coconut is inconsistent, and direct seeding is easy to cause uneven size and lack of seedlings in coconut orchard, so it is best to promote germination and seedling. Compared with direct seeding, sprouting has the advantages of saving labor and land, higher seedling rate, less waste of seeds and easy selection of seedlings.

⑴ sprouting: choose to sprout in a semi-shaded, ventilated and well-drained place, remove weed roots and plough 15-20 cm deep. Then dig the sprouting ditch, the width of the sprouting ditch is slightly larger than the transverse diameter of the fruit seed, after digging the sprouting ditch, put the fruit seed hole (fruit pedicel) upward, or tilt 45 degrees at the bottom of the ditch, cover the wet sand to the fruit's 1 inch 2-1 beat 3 places, keep the sand moist, and germinate after 60-80 days.

⑵ nursery: the nursery should choose sandy or loam soil close to water source and well drained. The depth of the nursery should be 25-30 cm, the width of the border can be 3-4 rows, the distance between rows is 40-45 cm, the depth of planting ditch is about 20 cm, and the width is slightly larger than the horizontal diameter of fruit seeds. Apply rotten organic fertilizer and mix with the soil, and spread sand to prevent termites. According to the seed spacing of 30-40 cm, keep the seedlings vertical, the buds facing the same direction, covering the soil over half of the fruit seeds, pay attention to careful operation, do not vibrate the fruit seeds, after the seedlings grow, properly add mulch and fully water, strengthen the management of the nursery, weed and loosen the soil in time, often water the nursery in the dry season, but do not accumulate water in the nursery, and pay attention to drainage in the rainy season. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer in spring and summer, some dilute dung water can be applied, and some potassium fertilizer should be applied in autumn to enhance the adaptability of seedlings. One year later, when the seedlings grow to about 1 meter, they can be planted out of the nursery.

Cultivation techniques

Planting

Generally planted in the rainy season, according to the row spacing of 6 meters × 9 meters or 7 meters × 8 meters, 165-180 plants per hectare. The planting hole is 60 cm × 70 cm × 80 cm, and 20-40 kg of organic fertilizer is applied in the hole. It can also burn leaves in the hole, burn the edge of the hole, and fill with sand to prevent ants. The seedlings should be planted with fruit seeds, more soil and less root injury. The planting depth of coconut seedlings should be buried in the soil at the base of the seedlings, so as to "plant deep and shallow soil". Taboo soil is scattered into the leaf viscera, and the coconut trees are properly planted. The growth is better than the shallow planting, the yield is higher than the shallow planting, and the wind resistance is stronger than the shallow planting.

Administration and Management

⑴ seedling protection and replenishment: management should be strengthened after planting, proper shading at the initial stage after planting, irrigation and moisturizing, and timely replanting of missing plants.

⑵ tillage, soil cultivation and interplanting: tillage twice a year, that is, one time in November-December combined with fertilization, and another one in August-September. With the growth of the plant, the trunk grows a large number of aerial roots to cultivate the soil and strengthen the tree. The coconut garden can be intercropped with short-term crops, such as peanuts and beans, which can cover the garden and improve the humidity in the garden, which is beneficial to the growth of young trees.

⑶ fertilization: coconut trees need to apply total fertilizer, potassium fertilizer is the most, followed by nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorine fertilizer, but attention must be paid to balanced fertilization. When the coconut is deficient in potassium, the stem is thin, the leaves are short and small, the leaves in the middle of the crown wilt first, the upper leaves extend downward, and the lower leaves dry and hang in the trunk; when nitrogen is deficient, the young leaves lose green and gloss, and the old leaves yellowing in varying degrees, and the yield of dried coconut meat decreases; phosphorus deficiency will lead to poor root development and fruit rot. Chlorine deficiency will affect the size of coconut, the yield of dried coconut, nitrogen uptake and water use of plants. Therefore, fertilization should be based on organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, and some salt should be applied. Fertilization can be applied from April to May and from November to December every year, and a fertilization ditch can be opened 1.5-2 meters away from the base of the tree. If the sprinkling method is used, the weeds should be removed completely and the soil should be loosened before fertilization.

Pest control

Coconut diarrhea is a common disease in coconut producing areas. Symptoms: stem cracks, dark brown mucus oozing, black after drying, crack tissue rot. Prevention and treatment methods include chiseling off the diseased tissue and applying 10% Bordeaux solution or coal tar.

The red brown elephant larva drills the trunk, which can kill the coconut tree. During prevention and treatment, the wound is covered with tar or mud, and in serious cases, it is cut and burned to avoid spread.

Adults and nymphs of coconut garden scale absorb sweat on the back of leaves and fruit. Spraying pesticides such as ammonium parathion, marathon and dibromophos during control can also protect natural enemies for prevention and control.

Coconut rhinoceros, mainly harmed by two-verrucous rhinoceros, fan-shaped or wavy engraved leaves, bite the growing points and make the plants die. Prevention and control is to remove organic matter inside and outside the coconut orchard, compost, dung piles and other breeding places before March every year. Cow dung or rotten coconut stems are used to induce adults to lay eggs and concentrate on killing, and natural enemies such as soil bees and Metarhizium anisopliae can also be used to control rhinoceros larvae.