Cultivation techniques of Carya cathayensis

As an important and high-value plant, in the process of cultivation technology, we should understand its basic characteristics and analyze, combine various propagation technologies, and then through high-tech cultivation methods, finally obtain new varieties for efficient production. First of all, we should learn its phenology, propagation methods and steps, planting process, management methods, and pest control methods to ensure that we can overcome problems in the cultivation process.

phenophase

In Kunming, Yunnan Province, the budding period is from late March to early April, the leaf spreading period is from early April to late August, the rapid growth period of new shoots is from early April to late August, and the deciduous period is from mid November.

breeding

Sowing is the main method, but also can use root shoots seedling reproduction. Seeds for sowing require nuts to be fully ripe. After the seeds are harvested, they are selected by water and sown in autumn. When sowing, the seeds must be placed horizontally. If it is not sown in autumn, it must be stored in wet sand stratification. Seedlings can be cultivated for 2 years before they can be planted in the nursery. It can also be propagated by grafting in spring.

sowing

After harvest, the fruits are spread in ventilated indoor places, and seeds are taken out after most of the exocarp is cracked. The seed yield is 50%~75%. Seed weight 4500g, germination rate 75%~85%. Spring and autumn can be sown, but autumn sowing is not as safe as spring sowing, because seeds are easy to be eaten by mice and birds. Sometimes winter drought, seed water loss, low emergence rate. Autumn sowing can usually be done before the soil freezes in autumn, spring sowing should be early, and sowing can be done in mid-March. For spring sowing, seeds must be stored in sand. That is, mixed sand is stored in ditches in winter (temperature is 0~5℃), sand is stored for 70~80 days. The ratio of sand to seeds is 3:1. The seeds should be thin when laminated to prevent the seeds from heating and mildew. Always check for tipping when temperatures rise in early spring. Without sand storage seeds, can be soaked before sowing germination, soaking with cold water. Soaking the seeds had better be carried out twice in succession, the first time should be longer, soaked for 36~48 hours, then taken out, drained for 24 hours, and then soaked in cold water for 24 hours. Potassium bromide solution (concentration of 300ppm) can be added to the second soaking for better results. Seed can be sown after soaking seeds for the second time. Autumn sowing is best to use high ridge sowing, ridge spacing 60~70cm, seed spacing 8~10cm. Sowing should be done with the umbilicus down or with the seed suture up and down. The thickness of soil cover is 4~5cm. It is best not to irrigate the seeds before they germinate. 40 days after sowing, germination and general management can be carried out after germination. The seedling rate is over 80%, and the seedling yield is 10 000 ~ 15 000/667m2.

grafting

The rootstock used for grafting is usually walnut. Juglans mandshurica is used in the cold areas of North China, Juglans mandshurica is used in the Yangtze River Basin, and Pterocarpus maple is used in Shandong and Shaanxi. The scion is collected from the superior individual plant, and the healthy developing branch at the periphery of the crown is selected, which is 30~40cm long and 1~ 1.5 cm thick. The plump bud in the middle and lower part of the scion is used as a grafting bud. The leaves of scions were cut off immediately after harvest, leaving only petioles 1~ 1.5 cm long to reduce water evaporation. Remove the leaves and immediately place them in a bucket. Cover them with a damp cloth or place them in wet sand to prevent evaporation. It is best to pick scions that day and use them up that day. When they are not used up that day, they should be buried in wet sand or wet sawdust, not inserted in buckets, so as not to affect the survival rate of grafting. Especially bud grafting, the survival rate of bud bubble in water is very low. Walnut, Pterocarya stenoptera and Juglans mandshurica as rootstocks all had bleeding during dormancy, which would affect callus formation, scions were easy to be soaked by bleeding and could not heal and survive. Therefore, grafting should be done with little or no bleeding. Branching takes place after germination. The most suitable time for grafting was from leaf expansion to the end of male flower.

cuttage

1-year-old healthy branches were selected, the cuttings were 17~20cm long, and the survival rate was more than 90%.

thong

Combined with seedlings out of nursery for root picking, then artificial planting, cutting in spring, seed root diameter 1cm, length 10cm. The root should be inserted in bed, and the upper cut of the root must be buried 0.5~1cm below the bed surface.

bead

During dormancy period, the strong branches of the mother plant root are pressed into the soil, and after a period of time, they can take root, and then the branches are separated from the mother plant, transplanted and cultured again.

planting

Should choose soil layer is deep, loose, water source is sufficient, leeward the plot that faces the sun is planted. 4m×5m~7m×8m was suitable for plant spacing. The planting hole shall be 1~1.5m in diameter and 1~1.2m in depth; topsoil shall be placed separately from subsoil, and a layer of straw shall be placed at the bottom of the pit first, and the topsoil shall be covered to 20cm; organic fertilizer 50kg, methyl chloride powder 20g and calcium superphosphate 500g shall be added, and mixed well with soil. Plant seedlings from December to January. After planting, fix the tree tray and irrigate enough root fixing water. It can also be used to create fruit trees. Sowing time in winter October to March of the following year, except freezing weather, can be carried out. Transplantation, close to the best can bring soil ball, when far, seedlings dig up immediately after the roots stained with mud, can play a protective role.

jianyuan

Transplantation should be carried out after defoliation or before germination. Large seedlings should have mud balls. 1~ 2 years old seedlings should keep more lateral roots and fibrous roots, and dip them in mud in time to avoid water loss of roots and affect survival. 5m×7m or 6m×8m of plant spacing was suitable. Walnut young tree period, especially in the planting year before winter, we should pay attention to take measures such as burying soil, cultivating mounds, etc., to protect young trees from cold and anti-stripping. Especially in the cold winter areas of North China and Northwest China, white-coating (lime) on the trunk of big trees can prevent the occurrence of trunk freezing injury. Walnut common tree shape has dispersed stratified shape, natural open shape and upright cylinder shape, with dispersed stratified shape is the most common. Due to the phenomenon of walnut bleeding, walnut pruning is mostly carried out after harvest to before defoliation. Late fruit walnut due to terminal bud or top 1~3 bud fruit, so the fruit branches should not be too short. Most types of early-fruiting walnut have high proportion of lateral flower buds, so it can be truncated. Due to the large branching angle, there are characteristics of strong growth behind easy to inhibit the extension of branches, so walnut should be higher stem. In order to achieve the tree in vivo and three-dimensional fruit, the main branches should be cultured on the fruiting branch group, the specific method is to adopt the measures of "first expanding and then shrinking" or picking the top of the summer. Planting density and variety should be determined according to the site conditions of the garden. The plant spacing is generally 3~6m×4~8m. The plant spacing should be larger in areas with deep soil layer, good soil quality and high fertility, and smaller on the contrary. When planting, attention should be paid to variety matching. More than 3 varieties with strong mutual pollination affinity should be planted in the same plot to improve seed setting rate.

training and pruning

Early pruning should be light, appropriate to stay more main branches, so that its early fruit. When pruning, it is necessary to make the crown cavity ventilated and transparent. The upper branches of the early crown should be retained as much as possible, and the lower part of the crown can be thinned gradually. If necessary, the dense branches can be sawn. The kerf must be flattened and coated with a protective agent to prevent decay. After hickory tree enters senescence period, all parts above the new branch of crown can be sawn off, the new branch that has sprouted can be cultivated, and all parts of the main branch of senescence crown can be cut off. It is best to combine deep ploughing and fertilization with pruning and regeneration.

Fertilization and management

The yield per 667 m2 in the high-yield orchard was more than 500kg. Soybean, corn and atractylodes macrocephala can be intercropped within 1~3 years of garden construction. In the intercropping process, the garden field should be cultivated and weeded, and organic fertilizers such as scorched mud, cake fertilizer and manure should be applied appropriately. Weeds, shrubs, thorns and vines should be cut off once or twice in July and August every year, and the cut weeds should cover the forest land. In winter, the mulch should be ploughed into the soil to increase soil fertility. Before germination in spring, urea is applied at about 30kg/667 m2, special fertilizer for fruit trees is applied at 80kg/667 m2, and base fertilizer is applied at 3000kg/667 m2 in autumn. After entering the fruiting period, fertilizer is added according to the fruiting situation. It can be combined with spraying foliar fertilizer once every 15 days, spraying 0.3% urea at early and late growth stages, and spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate from June to July. In winter, irrigate enough wintering water and germination water. In rainy season, timely drainage and flood prevention should be carried out. Fruit trees are fertilized twice a year. In February, radial furrows were opened along the tree disk, and 20kg corn stalk and 5kg manure were applied to each plant. In July, ternary compound fertilizer was mainly applied, with 0.2kg per square meter.